We present validation studies of MLS version 2.2 upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone profiles using ozonesonde and lidar data as well as climatological data. Ozone measurements from over 60 ...ozonesonde stations worldwide and three lidar stations are compared with coincident MLS data. The MLS ozone stratospheric data between 150 and 3 hPa agree well with ozonesonde measurements, within 8% for the global average. MLS values at 215 hPa are biased high compared to ozonesondes by ∼20% at middle to high latitude, although there is a lot of variability in this altitude region. Comparisons between MLS and ground‐based lidar measurements from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from the Table Mountain Facility, California, and from the Observatoire de Haute‐Provence, France, give very good agreement, within ∼5%, for the stratospheric values. The comparisons between MLS and the Table Mountain Facility tropospheric ozone lidar show that MLS data are biased high by ∼30% at 215 hPa, consistent with that indicated by the ozonesonde data. We obtain better global average agreement between MLS and ozonesonde partial column values down to 215 hPa, although the average MLS values at low to middle latitudes are higher than the ozonesonde values by up to a few percent. MLS v2.2 ozone data agree better than the MLS v1.5 data with ozonesonde and lidar measurements. MLS tropical data show the wave one longitudinal pattern in the upper troposphere, with similarities to the average distribution from ozonesondes. High upper tropospheric ozone values are also observed by MLS in the tropical Pacific from June to November.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine pH and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) in the mammary ...gland secretion in pre-foaling Mangalarga Marchador (MM) mares to determine the best method to predict parturition in the breed. Forty-two pregnant MM mares were evaluated once daily from 310 days of gestation until parturition. Mammary gland secretion pH, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- levels significantly changed during the last 10 days prior to parturition (p<0.05). The lowest pH mean value (pH meter=6.67±0.42; pH strip=6.23±0.53) and significantly higher mean concentrations of Ca2+ (12.6±5.8mmol/L) and Mg2+ (10.93±3.66mmol/L) were obtained 24 hours prior to foaling (p<0.0001). Chloride levels reduced significantly 8 days prior to parturition (p<0.0001) but remained unchanged until the due date. Mammary gland pH secretion, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, was effective to predict parturition. Quantitative pH values obtained with the pH meter had a greater accuracy in comparison to pH paper strips, but a strong correlation was found between both methods. Calcium and magnesium were the only electrolytes that changed in concentration immediately prior to parturition and are better indicators of when not to expect foaling.
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o pH e as concentrações de cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), cloro (Cl-), sódio (Na+) e potássio (K+) na secreção da glândula mamária de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no período pré-parto, a fim de determinar o melhor método para predizer proximidade do parto na raça. Quarenta e duas éguas MM foram avaliadas diariamente a partir dos 310 dias de gestação até o parto. O pH, aferido pelo pHmetro e por fitas reagentes, e os eletrólitos Ca2+, Mg2+ e Cl- apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas concentrações nos últimos 10 dias pré-parto (P<0,05). A diminuição significativa dos valores médios de pH (pHmetro= 6,67±0,42; fitas reagentes= 6,23±0,53) e o aumento significativo nas concentrações médias de Ca2+ (12,6±5,8mmol/L) e Mg2+ (10,93±3,66mmol/L) foram observados 24 horas pré-parto (P<0,0001). As concentrações de cloro diminuíram significativamente oito dias antes do parto (P<0,0001), porém continuaram sem alteração até o momento da parição. O pH da secreção foi eficaz para predizer o momento do parto. Valores quantitativos obtidos por meio do pHmetro apresentaram maior acurácia em comparação às fitas de pH, porém obteve-se forte correlação entre os dois métodos. Cálcio e magnésio foram os únicos eletrólitos que apresentaram alterações significativas no pré-parto imediato e são indicadores mais precisos de quando não esperar o parto.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the canine blood and urinary profiles after envenomation by
Tityus serrulatus venom. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two equal groups. Control group ...animals received 0.5
mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected subcutaneously into the internal portion of the left thigh, whilst dogs in the envenomed group were injected with scorpion venom (250
μg/kg in 0.5
mL PBS). No significant alterations were detected in the urine of envenomed dogs. Levels of plasma glucose and serum urea, creatinine, total protein, potassium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and amylase were determined. Semi-quantitative analysis of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was performed using an immunochromatographic test. The concentrations of cortisol and insulin were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay kits. Increases in serum cortisol levels in experimental group animals coincided with hyperglycaemia and was probably a response to pain. Increased insulin levels were observed during the hyperglycaemic peaks. Envenomed dogs presented discreet increases in ALT, AST and CK, but no alterations in LDH, amylase, cTnI, urea, creatinine and potassium levels were observed. It was concluded that the venom of
T. serrulatus induces blood and urinary biochemical changes in dogs.
ABSTRACT Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the rapid decline in kidney function. Its development is related to critical clinical statuses, such as sepsis, complicated post-surgical recovery, ...and infectious diseases. Serum cystatin C (CysC) has the best correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. Ultrasonography stands out because it is highly accessible and can be done at the bedside. Twenty-eight dogs admitted to the intensive care unit with serum creatinine values <1.6 mg/dL and at-risk factors of AKI development were selected. CysC measurements and ultrasound assessments were performed daily for 72 hours. Using CysC dosage, 22/28 animals (78.6%) were considered to have AKI, and 17/22 had ultrasound compatible with AKI changes, demonstrating moderate agreement with CysC dosage. Increased cortical renal echogenicity is the most prevalent alteration in critically ill patients and is correlated with serum increases in CysC and is associated with renal structural damage.
RESUMO A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é definida como o declínio rápido da função renal. Seu desenvolvimento está relacionado a quadros clínicos críticos, como sepse, pós-operatório complicado e doenças infecciosas. A cistatina C sérica (CisC) tem a melhor correlação com a taxa de filtração glomerular. A ultrassonografia se destaca por ser altamente acessível e pode ser realizada à beira do leito. Foram selecionados 28 cães, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, com valores de creatinina sérica <1,6mg/dL e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IRA. Medições de CisC e avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas diariamente por 72 horas. Utilizando-se a dosagem de CisC, 22/28 animais (78,6%) foram considerados portadores de IRA e 17/22 apresentaram ultrassom compatível com alterações de IRA, demonstrando concordância moderada com a dosagem de CisC. O aumento da ecogenicidade cortical renal é a alteração mais prevalente em pacientes críticos, está correlacionado com aumentos séricos de CisC e associado a dano estrutural renal.
•HFMD is a pediatric illness frequently associated with EV-A71, CVA16 and CVA6.•CVA6 D3 sub-lineage was exclusively associated with large HFMD outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil, during the COVID-19 ...pandemic in 2021.•The incidence of HFMD by CVA6 is increasing worldwide.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute febrile illness characterized by fever; sore throat; and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa. Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV)A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6.
The aim of this study was to investigated a large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 from clinical samples of 315 suspected cases, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnostic evaluation was performed by RT-qPCR, culture cell isolation and serological neutralization assay. EV-positive were genotyped by partial VP1 genome sequencing.
One hundred and forty-nine cases analyzed were positive for enterovirus (47.3%; n = 149/315) by neutralizing test (n = 10 patients) and RT-qPCR (n = 139 patients), and identified as CVA6 sub-lineage D3 by analysis of VP1 partial sequences.
This finding indicated the reemergence of CVA6 in HFMD, soon after the gradual easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions during-pandemic COVID-19 and the relevance of continued surveillance of circulating enterovirus types in the post-COVID pandemic era.
•Greater benefits of high-moisture flint corn in place of ground corn than NRC.•Energy contents of finely ground flint corn and citrus pulp are similar.•Increasing high moisture corn in diets ...improves growth efficiency and net energy.
Nellore cattle are predominant in Brazil and appear to have poor performance when fed high-grain diets. In addition, most corn produced in Brazil is of the flint type, and the starch therein is more difficult to digest compared to that in dent corn hybrids. The aim of this study was to evaluate flint corn processing method (CPM) and dietary starch content for finishing Nellore bulls fed high-concentrate, corn-based diets. In this study, 112 Nellore bulls (initial BW 378.3 ± 21.28 kg) were fed twice daily using Calan gates or individual pens. The animals were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. The experiment tested two CPM: high moisture corn (HMC) and finely ground dry corn (FGC) and dietary starch concentrations (DSC) of 300, 350, 400 and 450 g/kg DM, replacing citrus pulp with corn. Bulls were adapted to finishing diets over a period of 18 days and fed a total of 75 days (18 + 57 days). To determine fecal starch (FS) concentration, feces from each animal were sampled on day 47 of the feeding period. Bulls fed diets containing more than 300 g/kg DSC from HMC were more efficient than bulls fed 300 g/kg DSC as HMC; but gain:feed ratio (G:F) for bulls fed FGC did not differ (CPM × DSC; P = 0.04). Final BW and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by CPM, but carcass G:F was greater for bulls fed HMC than for those fed FGC (P < 0.01). Increases in DSC resulted in quadratic decreases in DM intake (P = 0.02), linear decreases in metabolisable energy (ME) intake (P < 0.01), and linear improvements in carcass G:F (P < 0.01). Interactions between CPM and DSC were observed for calculated dietary concentrations of net energy for maintenance (NEm), net energy for gain (NEg), and ME (P = 0.02), whereby NEm, NEg and ME of diets increased linearly with increases in DSC for bulls fed HMC, but did not differ across DSC for bulls fed FGC. Bulls fed FGC had 2.75 times greater FS compared to bulls fed HMC (P < 0.01); resulting in lower fecal pH for bulls fed FGC compared to those fed HMC (P < 0.01). In conclusion, there was no effect on G:F of Nellore cattle or net energy content of diets when DSC was increased by adding flint FGC, but increasing HMC in diets improved growth efficiency and net energy content.
Recent data show an alarming increasing trend in obesity around the world. Mechanical ventilation in this population requires specific ventilatory settings due to the mechanical and inflammatory ...alterations observed in obesity. In this line, end-expiratory lung volume is decreased, leading to impairment in the mechanics of the respiratory system, lung and chest wall as well as gas-exchange. Furthermore, the inflammatory process acts on distal airways, increasing airway responsiveness, or on pulmonary endothelium cells, increasing the molecules related to the adherence of inflammatory cells. In order to reduce lung stress and strain, as well as minimize the risk of ventilator associated lung injury, mechanical ventilation management should be conducted with the following strategies: 1) stepwise recruitment maneuver before positive end-expiratory pressure application, which requires titration according to respiratory system dynamic compliance; and 2) tidal volume (VT) titration according to inspiratory capacity. In summary, the overall objective is to ensure an adequate setting of ventilator parameters in order to minimize the inflammatory impact already present in obese patients as well as prevent further lung damage.
The objectives were to evaluate preweaning performance, body composition, and efficiency of calves representing straightbred Nellore (NL), F₁, and 3-breed-cross systems. Energy requirements, milk ...production, and efficiency of 39 cow-calf pairs were recorded from straightbred NL calves from NL cows (10), crossbred (Angus-sired) calves from NL cows (ANL: 9), and crossbred calves (CC; Canchim-sired: 5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Zebu) from ANL (10) and Simmental x NL (10) cows. Cows and their respective calves were individually fed from birth to weaning (17 to 190 d postpartum). At 38 d of age, corn silage (7.8% CP, 2.19 Mcal of ME/kg of DM) was available to calves ad libitum. Milk production at 42, 98, 126, and 180 d postpartum was recorded by weighing calves before and after suckling. The ratio between GE and ME of milk was considered 1:0.93. Calves were slaughtered at weaning and the 9th-, 10th-, and 11th-rib section was removed for body composition estimation. The ANL calves were lighter (P < 0.01) at birth than the CC calves; the NL calves were intermediate. At weaning, the CC calves were heavier (P = 0.04) than the NL and ANL calves (230 ± 5.5 vs. 172 ± 8.1 and 209 ± 8.6 kg, respectively). The ANL calves had greater (371 ± 27 Mcal; P = 0.01) silage intake than the NL (270 ± 25 Mcal) and CC (279 ± 17 Mcal) calves. Milk energy intake was greater for the CC calves (970 ± 38 Mcal of ME; P = 0.005) than the NL (670 ± 57 Mcal of ME) and ANL (743 ± 61 Mcal of ME) calves. The ANL calves compensated for the reduced milk production of the NL cows, which supplied less of their energy requirement for growth by increased silage intake. Calves from crossbred cows received a greater proportion of their total energy intake from milk. Crossbred calves had greater (P < 0.03) retained energy (retained energy = weaning body energy - birth body energy) than the NL calves (388 ± 23 for ANL, and 438 ± 15 for CC vs. 312 ± 22 Mcal for NL calves). Percentages of water (P = 0.74) and chemical fat (P = 0.51) were similar among groups (63.7 ± 0.6 and 14.3 ± 0.7% for ANL calves, 63.1 ± 0.4 and 14.7 ± 0.5% for CC calves, and 63.3 ± 0.6 and 13.7 ± 0.7% of empty BW for water and chemical fat, respectively, for NL calves). Energetic efficiency (kcal of retained energy/Mcal of ME intake) was similar (P = 0.52) among groups (358 ± 22 for ANL calves, 355 ± 14 for CC calves, and 327 ± 22 for NL calves). The greater BW gains and the differences in empty body composition at weaning were not enough to compensate for the greater ME intake of crossbreds. In this study, the crossbreeding systems evaluated increased preweaning calf performance but did not affect gross or energetic calf efficiency.
•The abrupt transition to high concentrate diets did not negatively affected animal performance.•Functional oils improved feed intake during abrupt transition to high concentrate diets.•Functional ...oils and conventional feed additives promoted similar performance, carcass and meat quality traits of Nellore bulls fed high concentrate diets.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different feed additives on performance, feeding behavior, blood metabolites, carcass traits and meat quality of finished Nellore cattle in feedlot, with abrupt transition to high-concentrate diets. Forty-eight 20-mo-old Nellore bulls initial body weight (BW) of 322 ± 33 kg were distributed in a complete randomized design and fed with a basal diet containing different additives: 30 mg/kg dry matter (DM) of monensin (M30), 40 mg/kg DM of monensin (M40), 30 mg of monensin +25 mg of Virginiamycin/kg DM (MV), and 400 mg/kg DM of Functional oils (FO; castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid). Animals were fed a diet of 92% concentrate on the first day of feedlot. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW) and blood parameters were evaluated at days 1, 7, 14 and 21 (transition period), then every 21 days to analyze performance and ultrasound carcass traits until slaughter. Animals fed FO had a greater DMI then MV (P = 0.002) in the transition period, and showed no differences for M30 and M40, as well as for blood metabolites. In the feedlot period (120 days), the DMI was greater in FO then in M30 and in MV (P < 0.05) with no differences from M40. The ADG, G:F and final BW, rumen parameters, carcass traits and meat quality showed no differences. However, the MV treatment had higher concentration of 15:0 and 17:0, 17:1, 18:1 t10, t11, t12 and 18:2, t10, c12 fatty acids. In conclusion, the abrupt transition of a diet to high concentrate did not affect performance and blood parameters. The FO did not affect negatively the performance, carcass traits and meat quality, compared to Nellore cattle in feedlot fed conventional additives.
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