Cytosolic mRNA translation is subject to global and mRNA-specific controls. Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α anchors a reversible regulatory switch that represses cytosolic ...translation globally. The stress-responsive GCN2 kinase is the only known kinase for eIF2α serine 56 in Arabidopsis (
). Here, we show that conditions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the chloroplast, including dark-light transitions, high light, and the herbicide methyl viologen, rapidly activated GCN2 kinase, whereas mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress did not. GCN2 activation was light dependent and mitigated by photosynthesis inhibitors and ROS quenchers. Accordingly, the seedling growth of multiple Arabidopsis
mutants was retarded under excess light conditions, implicating the GCN2-eIF2α pathway in responses to light and associated ROS. Once activated, GCN2 kinase preferentially suppressed the ribosome loading of mRNAs for functions such as mitochondrial ATP synthesis, the chloroplast thylakoids, vesicle trafficking, and translation. The
mutant overaccumulated transcripts functionally related to abiotic stress, including oxidative stress, as well as innate immune responses. Accordingly,
displayed defects in immune priming by the fungal elicitor, chitin. Therefore, we provide evidence that reactive oxygen species produced by the photosynthetic apparatus help activate the highly conserved GCN2 kinase, leading to eIF2α phosphorylation and thus affecting the status of the cytosolic protein synthesis apparatus.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition, often multifactorial in origin, and most commonly manifests during childhood. Although there remains a deficit in literature, current data ...suggest Honduras may have the highest prevalence and severity of AD among all Latin American countries.
To assess the current prevalence of pediatric AD in Honduras and evaluate existing gaps in available literature to monitor disease burden.
A comprehensive literature search was performed in March 2023. Articles were removed if they were published before 2007, were of the incorrect study design, or were focused on countries outside of Honduras. The articles were independently reviewed by 2 authors.
The initial literature search yielded 174 studies, of which 7 met inclusion criteria. AD prevalence rates in children in Honduras ranged from 0.7% to 40.0%.
Limitations include elements of study design, analytic methods, study populations, and limited articles.
There appears to be a disproportionately higher prevalence and disease burden of pediatric AD in Honduras. Future research should acquire accurate data to further understand the prevalence, incidence, and severity of AD in Honduras.
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition, often multifactorial in origin, and most commonly manifests during childhood. Although there remains a deficit in literature, ...current data suggest Honduras may have the highest prevalence and severity of AD among all Latin American countries. Objective: To assess the current prevalence of pediatric AD in Honduras and evaluate existing gaps in available literature to monitor disease burden. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in March 2023. Articles were removed if they were published before 2007, were of the incorrect study design, or were focused on countries outside of Honduras. The articles were independently reviewed by 2 authors. Results: The initial literature search yielded 174 studies, of which 7 met inclusion criteria. AD prevalence rates in children in Honduras ranged from 0.7% to 40.0%. Limitations: Limitations include elements of study design, analytic methods, study populations, and limited articles. Conclusion: There appears to be a disproportionately higher prevalence and disease burden of pediatric AD in Honduras. Future research should acquire accurate data to further understand the prevalence, incidence, and severity of AD in Honduras.
Food plots have been demonstrated to benefit bobwhites during the winter. This project was initiated to examine among bobwhites near and far from food plots: (1) hunting vulnerability, (2) ...over-winter survival, and (3) movements, habitat use, and home range size. In addition, the metabolizable energy and palatability of several seed species recommended for planting in food plots for bobwhites were examined. Bobwhites near and far from food plots were equipped with radio-transmitters and tracked from October through March during 3 field seasons on 2 separate study areas on Ft. Riley, Kansas. Over-winter survival was greater for bobwhites near food plots in the first field season, but during all other field seasons bobwhites near and far from food plots experienced $<$15% survival. Hunter harvests were proportionally greater near food plots during the second field season, but the overall hunter harvest rate was $<$40% most field seasons. Bobwhite movements averaged 224 m day$\sp{-1}$ across Ft. Riley and were only significantly greater near food plots during the second field season in 1 study area. Home range size of bobwhites averaged 33 ha across Ft Riley and during the second field season in 1 study area were greater near food plots and during the final field season in 1 study area were greater in non-food plot sites. Habitat use of bobwhites varied little between food plot and non-food plot sites. In general, bobwhites avoided open prairie and preferred food plots, forested areas, and thickets. The metabolizable energy and palatability of bobwhite soybeans (Glycine max), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), dove proso millet (Panicum milaceum), Egyptian wheat (Sorghum bicolor), Florida beggarweed (Desmodium floridanum), Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis), Oklahoma game bird peas (Vigna sinensis), partridge peas (Cassia fasiculata), sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and WGF sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) were examined. Bobwhites remained weight stable (weight varying $<$3%) while consuming bobwhite soybeans, dove proso millet, Florida beggarweed, Oklahoma game bird peas, and WGF sorghum. Bobwhites did not remain weight stable while consuming all other seed species, with the worst weight losses observed among bobwhites feeding on Illinois bundleflower and sesbania.
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