Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) have shown unrival properties, combining both excellent electrical conduction as well as thermal and mechanical properties. This work aims to increase the electrical ...conductance of industrial Al wires by introducing CNT in the bulk of the wire, which also leads to weight reduction. As Al makes poor electrical contact with CNT, another metal needs to be added to the interface in order to obtain good electrical contact. In this work, we sought to determine the conditions to obtain the best conductance in a metal/CNT contact using commercial CNTs. We prepared such contacts with different metals on commercial CNTs, measured their resistance, and studied their structural properties using used electron microscopy. The characterization of several commercial samples shows that the best candidates for a good electrical interface are Single Wall CNTs (SWCNT), with Pd electrodes, which is in good agreement with previously reported work. We also show the importance of the CNT's purity and test hybrid interfaces more suitable for industrial applications.
Abstract
Background
EMSY
could be involved in low-level susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. Gene amplification is seen in a proportion of breast and ovarian tumours and correlates with poor ...prognosis in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, the EMSY protein silences a transcription activation domain in
BRCA2
exon 3.
Methods
We used a genetic association study design to determine if common genetic variation (frequency ≥ 5%) in
EMSY
was associated with breast or ovarian cancer risk in the British population. Haplotype tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) were selected from the HapMap database and genotyped using Taqman
®
in two large study sets of white British women (n breast set = 2343 cases and 2284 controls, n ovarian set = 864 cases and 864 controls). HapMap data might be insufficient to tag genetic variation in
EMSY
comprehensively. We therefore screened the gene promoter and coding sequences with denaturing high performance liquid chromatography in order to identify additional SNPs that are most likely to be functional.
Results
HapMap data on 22 SNPs show that 4 htSNPs tag 4 common haplotypes: rs2282611 (5'up t>g), rs4245443 (IVS7 g>a), rs2513511 (IVS16 a>g), rs2155220 (3'down c>t). We observed no association between any of the genotypes or associated haplotypes and breast or ovarian cancer risk. Seventeen out of the 18 remaining HapMap polymorphisms (94%) were well tagged by the 4 selected htSNPs (r
2
s
> 0.8). Genotype frequencies for two further SNPs identified by screening and located near exon-intron boundaries, rs2508740 (IVS9 a>g) and rs11600501 (IVS10 c>t), were also similar in cases and controls. In order to simulate unidentified SNPs, we performed the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure on the HapMap data; over 95% of the common genetic variation was well represented by tagging polymorphisms. We are therefore likely to have tagged any common, functional variants present in our population.
Conclusion
We found no association between common genetic variation in
EMSY
and risk of breast or ovarian cancer in two large study sets of white British women.
fre Efficience technique et incitations managériales dans l'industrie ivoirienne. Estimation de frontières de production sur données de panel. . On étudie la sensibilité de l'efficience technique des ...firmes à leur stratégie de gestion des ressources humaines. Des frontières de production sont estimées sur quatre panels de données représentatifs des industries manufacturières ivoiriennes. La spécification du modèle de salaire d'efficience est amendée pour considérer, au niveau de la fonction d'effort, la possibilité d'une substitution entre les incitations salariales et le contrôle hiérarchique. Les estimations économétriques ne rejettent pas l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'impact des incitations managériales sur l'efficience productive varie selon la contestabilité des marchés. Au contraire des activités relativement abritées de la concurrence, les incitations managériales ont exercé un effet statistiquement significatif sur l'efficience technique des secteurs exposés. eng Technical efficiencies and managerial incentives in ivorian industry: estimation of production frontiers on panel data. . We establish a link between firms productive efficiency and their human ressource management policies. Production frontiers are estimated on panel data from the manufacturing industry of Ivory Coast. The standard efficiency-wage model is amended to consider the possibility of a substitution between wage incentives and close supervision in the effort function. Econometric estimations provide evidence that the impact of managerial incentives on productive efficiency varies according to the level of the market contestability. The most striking result is that unlike the sheltered sector, managerial incentives have a statistically significant effect on the productive efficiency in the exposed sector.
On étudie la sensibilité de l'efficience technique des firmes à leur stratégie de gestion des ressources humaines. Des frontières de production sont estimées sur quatre panels de données ...représentatifs des industries manufacturières ivoiriennes. La spécification du modèle de salaire d'efficience est amendée pour considérer, au niveau de la fonction d'effort, la possibilité d'une substitution entre les incitations salariales et le contrôle hiérarchique. Les estimations économétriques ne rejettent pas l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'impact des incitations managériales sur l'efficience productive varie selon la contestabilité des marchés. Au contraire des activités relativement abritées de la concurrence, les incitations managériales ont exercé un effet statistiquement significatif sur l'efficience technique des secteurs exposés. /// We establish a link between firms productive efficiency and their human ressource management policies. Production frontiers are estimated on panel data from the manufacturing industry of Ivory Coast. The standard efficiency-wage model is amended to consider the possibility of a substitution between wage incentives and close supervision in the effort function. Econometric estimations provide evidence that the impact of managerial incentives on productive efficiency varies according to the level of the market contestability. The most striking result is that unlike the sheltered sector, managerial incentives have a statistically significant effect on the productive efficiency in the exposed sector.
Examines the role of human resource management in restructuring programmes implemented in some 20 companies in the 1980s. Under budget stringency reducing the wage bill is required, entailing a ...trade-off between employment and wage levels, the choice having an effect on productivity. Recruitment has been at the top and bottom ends of the occupational scale, while internal promotion has helped move many operatives into supervisory positions. (Original abstract-amended)
Efficience technique et incitations managériales dans l'industrie ivoirienne. Estimation de frontières de production sur données de panel
On étudie la sensibilité de l'efficience technique des ...firmes à leur stratégie de gestion des ressources humaines. Des frontières de production sont estimées sur quatre panels de données représentatifs des industries manufacturières ivoiriennes. La spécification du modèle de salaire d'efficience est amendée pour considérer, au niveau de la fonction d'effort, la possibilité d'une substitution entre les incitations salariales et le contrôle hiérarchique. Les estimations économétriques ne rejettent pas l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'impact des incitations managériales sur l'efficience productive varie selon la contestabilité des marchés. Au contraire des activités relativement abritées de la concurrence, les incitations managériales ont exercé un effet statistiquement significatif sur l'efficience technique des secteurs exposés.
Technical efficiencies and managerial incentives in ivorian industry: estimation of production frontiers on panel data
We establish a link between firms productive efficiency and their human ressource management policies. Production frontiers are estimated on panel data from the manufacturing industry of Ivory Coast. The standard efficiency-wage model is amended to consider the possibility of a substitution between wage incentives and close supervision in the effort function. Econometric estimations provide evidence that the impact of managerial incentives on productive efficiency varies according to the level of the market contestability. The most striking result is that unlike the sheltered sector, managerial incentives have a statistically significant effect on the productive efficiency in the exposed sector.
Plane Patrick, Lesueur Jean-Yves. Efficience technique et incitations managériales dans l'industrie ivoirienne. Estimation de frontières de production sur données de panel. In: Revue économique, volume 49, n°2, 1998. pp. 469-485.
RÉSUMÉ**: Mesurer la performance globale des entreprises publiques est wte tâche ardue en raison des multiples objectifs konomiques et sociaux qui sod habituellemeni assignés à ces organisatwns. ...L'article s'attmhe à appécier un aspect particulier mais néanmoins important de laperformance éonomique: l‘efficience techruque. Une frontiére des possibilités de production est dérwée de l'estimation d'une fonction de production de type Cobb‐Douglas sur un éhantillon de dix sociétés africaines pmductrices d‘éectricité. La principale conclusion qui se dégage de l’analyse économétrique est la suivante: l‘écart relatif d‘efficience entre les dew soeiétés extrêmes de la distribution est de l'odre de20%, avant comme aprè correction Cle l'efficience pour l'action de factews d'environnement exogènes à la gestion des sociitb.
PDF
