Basic as a source of financing public needs Mahaček, Dubravka; Letinić, Svjetlana; Bolfek, Berislav
International Journal Vallis Aurea,
12/2015, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Needs of the population in a particular area are financed from the budget. The volume of budgetary funds determines the ability of satisfying those needs. Budget fund sources of local units are ...prescribed by legal provisions. The attention is on their purposeful disbursement. Audit process confirms the credibility of financial statements. This paper presents county budget realization from 2008 to 2012 and the use of funds. Local units apply accounting system of budget accounting. Expenditures are recorded pursuant to prescribed method and according to expenditure type, which is shown in tables. The aim is to investigate the movement to achieve total revenue Pozega-Slavonia County in relation to the achievement of all counties and show its capabilities in meeting the needs of the population. The assumption confirmed in this paper is that Požega-Slavonia County budget revenues in the observed period are decreasing, which affects the possibilities of meeting county population’s needs. Methods used in this paper are analysis method which monitors the trend of revenues and receipts of Požega-Slavonia County from 2008 to 2012, within the frame of achievement at the level of all counties. Observed county was compared according to achievements with all other counties and using synthesis method all data has been unified which led to the comparison of income trends between observed county and other counties. The volume of total revenues and the possibility of their realization affect the ability to meet public needs under county jurisdiction. It was found that Požega-Slavonia County budget does not significantly participate in realization of total revenues at the level of all counties, and when there is no possibility of significantly impacting the increase of budget revenues, more attention should be given to rational spending of available funds.
The legal and strategic framework for regional development in the Republic of Croatia, which includes the development of entrepreneurship, was established almost twenty years after Croatia had gained ...independence. Until then, less developed areas, i.e., areas with a special status in terms of certain reliefs and exemptions granted to citizens and economic entities had been supported through individual laws. Today, government authorities stimulate entrepreneurial activity through individual regulations in force,by corporate income tax exemptions. The state gives back corporate income tax (tax liability not subject to exemptions) that taxpayers engaged in entrepreneurial activities had paid up to the state budget, to local self-government units as assistance from the state budget. By doing so, the government aims to reduce the gap between the developed and underdeveloped parts of the Republic of Croatia and encourage entrepreneurial activity in the smaller and less developed regions. The indicators of entrepreneurial activity in the area supported by the state: the number of enterprises, number of employees in an enterprise, the total revenue generated by entrepreneurial activities, profit and loss after tax and net operating profit/loss, provide insight into the performance of enterprises. In view of the above, the authors have analyzed the performanceof enterprises entitled to tax relief in the areas of special state concern and provided an overview of financial resources (tax revenue) which state authorities have waived to facilitate a more competitive business performance.
The legal and strategic framework for regional development in the Republic of Croatia, which includes the development of entrepreneurship, was established almost twenty years after Croatia had gained ...independence. Until then, less developed areas, i.e., areas with a special status in terms of certain reliefs and exemptions granted to citizens and economic entities had been supported through individual laws. Today, government authorities stimulate entrepreneurial activity through individual regulations in force, by corporate income tax exemptions. The state gives back corporate income tax (tax liability not subject to exemptions) that taxpayers engaged in entrepreneurial activities had paid up to the state budget, to local self-government units as assistance from the state budget. By doing so, the government aims to reduce the gap between the developed and underdeveloped parts of the Republic of Croatia and encourage entrepreneurial activity in the smaller and less developed regions. The indicators of entrepreneurial activity in the area supported by the state: the number of enterprises, number of employees in an enterprise, the total revenue generated by entrepreneurial activities, profit and loss after tax and net operating profit/loss, provide insight into the performance of enterprises. In view of the above, the authors have analyzed the performance of enterprises entitled to tax relief in the areas of special state concern and provided an overview of financial resources (tax revenue) which state authorities have waived to facilitate a more competitive business performance.
Journal entry anomaly detection model Zupan, Mario; Budimir, Verica; Letinic, Svjetlana
Intelligent systems in accounting, finance & management,
October/December 2020, 2020-10-00, 20201001, Letnik:
27, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary
Although numerous scientific papers have been written on deep learning, very few have been written on the exploitation of such technology in the field of accounting or bookkeeping. Our ...scientific study is oriented exactly toward this specific field. As accountants, we know the problems faced in modern accounting. Although accountants may have a plethora of information regarding technology support, looking for errors or fraud is a demanding and time‐consuming task that depends on manual skills and professional knowledge. Our efforts are oriented toward resolving the problem of error‐detection automation that is currently possible through new technologies, and we are trying to develop a web application that will alleviate the problems of journal entry anomaly detection. Our developed application accepts data from one specific enterprise resource planning system while also representing a general software framework for other enterprise resource planning developers. Our web application is a prototype that uses two of the most popular deep‐learning architectures; namely, a variational autoencoder and long short‐term memory. The application was tested on two different journals: data set D, learned on accounting journals from 2007 to 2018 and then tested during the year 2019, and data set H, learned on journals from 2014 to 2016 and then tested during the year 2017. Both accounting journals were generated by micro entrepreneurs.
For many years, the relevant analyses have indicated problems in the functioning of the Croatian small-sized enterprises sector. It has been marked by recession, changes in legislation, financing ...problems, poor cash flow, dependence on large and state-owned companies and the low rate of survival. At the same time, the small-sized enterprises sector has been referred to as a generator of economic development, because of its size, innovation and adaptability. The uncertainties of the business future are forcing small enterprises to adopt ad hoc decisions, which are based on unstructured information. The most common aims are to reduce the current tax base, increase current liquidity and find financing sources. The aims are not associated with future obligations or the core business development. Decisions are rarely based on financial analysis, which requires a high-quality accounting information system, financial information about other enterprises, and methods that will generate usable and transparent information about several aspects of the business. Entrepreneurs, macro analysts, bankers and investors need analytical systems that generate simple, understandable and usable information, based on a number of relevant financial ratios. The construction of such analytical systems is the subject of this work. Current global and domestic researches use unsupervised methods of data mining because they provide aggregated information in predicting financial distress and bankruptcy, fraud detection, credit risk assessment, measurement and comparison of financial performance. Data mining methods have advantage over traditional statistical methods for their classification and prediction capabilities, as well as the ability to work with non-linear relationships between features. Based on a sample of 2,200 financial statements, which entities submitted in 2011 and 2012, self-organizing model created was built that successfully identify the current state of the small-sized enterprise sector. In total, 3 clusters have been identified, whose sustainability is proven by clustering quality indexes.
U radu se prikazuju i analiziraju rezultati empirijskog istraživanja interakcije znanosti i gospodarstva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Postoje mnoge empirijske studije koje ukazuju kako suradnja između ...dvaju navedenih sektora utječe na poboljšanje inovativne performanse gospodarstva, a time i gospodarskog rasta. S obzirom na značaj teme kao i uočenu deficitarnost predmetnog istraživanja u Republici Hrvatskoj, autorica ovoga rada je provela empirijsko istraživanje oblika/modela, intenziteta, kvalitete i drugih parametara suradnje u Republici Hrvatskoj na uzorku sastavljenom od 21 visokog učilišta i 130 gospodarskih subjekata. Kao instrument istraživanja koristila su se dva anketna upitnika, jedan namijenjen gospodarskom, a drugi visokoobrazovnom sektoru. Ovim se radom željelo istražiti kako hrvatski gospodarstvenici i znanstvenici percipiraju predmetnu suradnju, kako joj ocjenjuju intenzitet, kvalitetu i druge parametre te koji se oblici/modeli suradnje najučestalije koriste. Realizirani modeli suradnje te njene ocjene, prema u radu definiranim parametrima, rezultat su procjene anketiranih znanstvenika i gospodarstvenika. Metodologija korištena za prikazivanje rezultata obuhvaća deskriptivnu statistiku. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je prema ocjenama ispitanika, intenzitet i kvaliteta interakcije znanstvenog i gospodarskog sektora ocijenjena prosječnom ocjenom 2,87 (u intervalu od 1 do 5). U prosjeku su znanstvenici intenzitet i kvalitetu predmetne suradnje ocijenili s prosječnom ocjenom 2,83, a gospodarstvenici s 2,92. Kao najčešće korišteni modeli suradnje istaknuti su oblici koji su više rutinskog karaktera i koji nisu toliko usmjereni povećanju inovativnosti gospodarskih subjekata, poput zajedničke proizvodnje kodificiranog znanja, komercijalizacije rezultata istraživanja, zajedničkih projekata i slično. S obzirom na činjenicu da je 55 % anketiranih poslovnih subjekata navelo da u promatranom periodu nije imalo realiziranu predmetnu suradnje uz veću zastupljenost rutinske suradnje kod onih koji su je imali, zaključuje se da je interakciju znanstvenog i gospodarskog sektora, s obzirom na njen potencijal, potrebno značajnije iskoristiti za unaprjeđivanje cjelokupnog ekonomskog razvoja Republike Hrvatske.
U Republici Hrvatskoj je zakonski i strateški okvir regionalnoga razvoja koji podrazumijeva i razvoj poduzetništva donesen gotovo dvadeset godina nakon hrvatskoga osamostaljenja. Do tada su manje ...razvijena područja, odnosno ona područja koja imaju poseban status u smislu određenih olakšica i oslobođenja za građane i gospodarstvo, poticana kroz pojedinačne zakone. Pojedinačnim propisima, koji su još uvijek važeći, državne vlasti potiču poduzetničku aktivnost poreznim oslobođenjima pri oporezivanju dobiti. Porez na dobit (dio porezne obveze koji ne podliježe oslobođenjima), ostvaren obavljanjem poduzetničke aktivnosti i uplaćen od strane poreznih obveznika u državni proračun, država vraća jedinicama lokalne samouprave kao pomoć iz državnoga proračuna. Takvim aktivnostima državne vlasti žele smanjiti jaz između razvijenih i nerazvijenih dijelova Republike Hrvatske, odnosno žele pridonijeti većoj raspodjeli poduzetničke aktivnosti na manja i manje razvijena područja. Pokazatelji poduzetničke aktivnosti na području koje
je poticano od strane države: broj poduzetnika, broj zaposlenih kod poduzetnika, ukupan prihod ostvaren obavljanjem poduzetničke aktivnosti, dobit i gubitak nakon oporezivanja te neto dobit/gubitak poslovanja, daju uvid u uspješnost poslovanja poduzetnika. S obzirom na navedeno, autori u radu analiziraju uspješnost poslovanja poduzetnika, korisnika poreznih poticaja pri oporezivanju dobiti, s područja posebnoga državnog statusa te daju pregled financijskih sredstava (poreznih prihoda) kojih se državne vlasti odriču kako bi
istima omogućili konkurentnije obavljanje djelatnosti.
Performance indicators in higher education Vasicek, Vesna; Budimir, Verica; Letinic, Svjetlana
Privredna kretanja i ekonomska politika,
04/2007, Letnik:
17, Številka:
110
Journal Article
Recenzirano
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: This paper reviews various quality measures of service provision in the public sector, especially in higher education. Public institutions are non-profit organizations whose main ...aim is to meet public needs. Consumers of public services as well as taxpayers need to be satisfied with their quality and effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the public sector performance in providing these services. However, a regular business analysis used in profit-oriented companies is not applicable to public institutions. Therefore, most countries employ the so-called performance indicators. This paper reviews sets of these indicators that have been developed and implemented in Australia, Canada and Great Britain, countries that have originated the idea of performance indicators measurement. Each of the aforementioned countries has a broad spectrum of obligatory performance indicators required for official reporting. In the case of Croatia, there is no legislation that would regulate the use of performance indicators either in higher education or any other part of the public sector. Consequently, it is suggested that performance indicators should be developed and implemented in Croatia as well. // ABSTRACT IN CROATIAN: U radu se daje pregled mjera kvalitete pruzanja usluga javnog sektora s naglaskom na sektor visokog obrazovanja. Javni sektor nije profitno orijentiran, vec sluzi zadovoljenju javnih potreba stanovnistva. Korisnici usluga javnog sektora i porezni obveznici moraju biti zadovoljni kvalitetom usluga i ucinkovitoscu javnog sektora, te je stoga potrebno provesti vrednovanje ucinkovitosti javnog sektora u pruzanju usluga. Metode poslovne analize predvidene za profitna poduzeca nije moguce primjenjivati u javnom sektoru, vec je potrebno definirati metode analize prilagodene definiciji i strukturi javnog sektora. Vecina zemalja kao sredstvo vrednovanja kvalitete i ucinkovitosti javnog sektora koristi pokazatelje uspjesnosti (performance indicators). Rad prikazuje skupove pokazatelja uspjesnosti visokog obrazovanja Australije, Kanade i Velike Britanije, kao zacetnike ideje mjerenja uspjesnosti. Svaka od navedenih zemalja propisuje vrlo sirok spektar pokazatelja uspjesnosti, obvezan za izracunavanje i izvjestavanje. Buduci da mjerenje i izvjestavanje o uspjesnosti ustanova visokog obrazovanja, kao ni u ostatku javnog sektora Hrvatske, nije propisano niti jednim zakonskim aktom, rezultati istrazivanja ukazuju na potrebu njihovog definiranja i primjenjivanja.
Pokazatelji uspješnosti u visokom obrazovanju Vašiček, Verica; Budimir, Verica; Letinić, Svjetlana
Privredna kretanja i ekonomska politika,
04/2007, Letnik:
17, Številka:
110
Paper
Odprti dostop
U radu se daje pregled mjera kvalitete pružanja usluga javnog sektora s naglaskom na sektor visokog obrazovanja. Javni sektor nije profitno orijentiran, već služi zadovoljenju javnih potreba ...stanovništva. Korisnici usluga javnog sektora i porezni obveznici moraju biti zadovoljni kvalitetom usluga i učinkovitošću javnog sektora, te je stoga potrebno provesti vrednovanje učinkovitosti javnog sektora u pružanju usluga. Metode poslovne analize predviđene za profitna poduzeća nije moguće primjenjivati u javnom sektoru, već je potrebno definirati metode analize prilagođene definiciji i strukturi javnog sektora. Većina zemalja kao sredstvo vrednovanja kvalitete i učinkovitosti javnog sektora koristi pokazatelje uspješnosti (performance indicators). Rad prikazuje skupove pokazatelja uspješnosti visokog obrazovanja Australije, Kanade i Velike Britanije, kao začetnike ideje mjerenja uspješnosti. Svaka od navedenih zemalja propisuje vrlo širok spektar pokazatelja uspješnosti, obvezan za izračunavanje i izvještavanje. Budući da mjerenje i izvještavanje o uspješnosti ustanova visokog obrazovanja, kao ni u ostatku javnog sektora Hrvatske, nije propisano niti jednim zakonskim aktom, rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu njihovog definiranja i primjenjivanja.
In recent literature of economic growth a great importance is given to the quality of human capital as one of the most important developmental resource. Countries with a better human capital, ...measured by average number of years of education, usually have accomplished higher rates of economic growth and have achieved a higher level of living standard. Because of that reason and because of the soon Croatian accession to the full EU membership, the authors' aim in this paper is to search where Croatia is situated according to the EU countries regarding the educational attainment of its population. If one of the most important resources for the knowledge society achievement is education, than it is extremely important to know what kind of developmental resources are available in Croatia regarding the European surroundings. Methods used in this paper are comparative method, historical method, compilation method, and appropriate statistical methods.
PDF
