2D fully convolutional network has been recently successfully applied to the object detection problem on images. In this paper, we extend the fully convolutional network based detection techniques to ...3D and apply it to point cloud data. The proposed approach is verified on the task of vehicle detection from lidar point cloud for autonomous driving. Experiments on the KITTI dataset shows significant performance improvement over the previous point cloud based detection approaches.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as promising next‐generation energy storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density, where soluble lithium polysulfides are crucial in ...the Li–S electrochemistry as intrinsic redox mediators. However, the poor mediation capability of the intrinsic polysulfide mediators leads to sluggish redox kinetics, further rendering limited rate performances, low discharge capacity, and rapid capacity decay. Here, an organodiselenide, diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe), is proposed to accelerate the sulfur redox kinetics as a redox comediator. DPDSe spontaneously reacts with lithium polysulfides to generate lithium phenylseleno polysulfides (LiPhSePSs) with improved redox mediation capability. The as‐generated LiPhSePSs afford faster sulfur redox kinetics and increase the deposition dimension of lithium sulfide. Consequently, the DPDSe comediator endows Li–S batteries with superb rate performance of 817 mAh g−1 at 2 C and remarkable cycling stability with limited anode excess. Moreover, Li–S pouch cells with the DPDSe comediator achieve an actual initial energy density of 301 Wh kg−1 and 30 stable cycles. This work demonstrates a novel redox comediation strategy with an effective organodiselenide comediator to facilitate the sulfur redox kinetics under pouch cell conditions and inspires further exploration in mediating Li–S kinetics for practical high‐energy‐density batteries.
An organodiselenide, diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe), is proposed to accelerate the sulfur redox kinetics as a redox comediator, which endows Li–S batteries with superb rate performance, remarkable cycling stability, and high actual energy density of 301 Wh kg−1. This work demonstrates a novel redox comediation strategy to facilitate the sulfur redox kinetics under practical pouch cell conditions.
Lithium and sodium metal batteries are considered as promising next‐generation energy storage devices due to their ultrahigh energy densities. The high reactivity of alkali metal toward organic ...solvents and salts results in side reactions, which further lead to undesirable electrolyte depletion, cell failure, and evolution of flammable gas. Herein, first‐principles calculations and in situ optical microscopy are used to study the mechanism of organic electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution on a sodium metal anode. Once complexed with sodium ions, solvent molecules show a reduced LUMO, which facilitates the electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution. Such a general mechanism is also applicable to lithium and other metal anodes. We uncover the critical role of ion–solvent complexation for the stability of alkali metal anodes, reveal the mechanism of electrolyte gassing, and provide a mechanistic guidance to electrolyte and lithium/sodium anode design for safe rechargeable batteries.
Safe rechargeable batteries: Ion–solvent complexes in alkali metal batteries have been studied by first‐principles calculations and in situ optical microscopy. The ion–solvent complexes have low LUMOs and are readily reduced on an alkali metal anode. A general mechanism for organic electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution was discovered.
Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with highly active sites atomically dispersed on substrates exhibit unique advantages regarding maximum atomic efficiency, abundant chemical structures, and extraordinary ...catalytic performances for multiple important reactions. In particular, M–N–C SACs (M=transition metal atom) demonstrate optimal electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and have attracted extensive attention recently. Despite substantial efforts in fabricating various M–N–C SACs, the principles for regulating the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of their active sites have not been sufficiently studied. In this Review, we summarize the regulation strategies for promoting the intrinsic electrocatalytic ORR activity of M–N–C SACs by modulation of the center metal atoms, the coordinated atoms, the environmental atoms, and the guest groups. Theoretical calculations and experimental investigations are both included to afford a comprehensive understanding of the structure–performance relationship. Finally, future directions of developing advanced M–N–C SACs for electrocatalytic ORR and other analogous reactions are proposed.
Regulation strategies for enhancing the intrinsic electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction activity of M–N–C single‐atom catalysts are summarized in this review. Four components are considered in the optimization of the catalyst: the center metal atoms, the coordinated atoms, the environmental atoms, and the guest groups.
Bifunctional electrocatalysis for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) constitutes the bottleneck of various sustainable energy devices and systems like rechargeable ...metal–air batteries. Emerging catalyst materials are strongly requested toward superior electrocatalytic activities and practical applications. In this study, transition metal hydroxysulfides are presented as bifunctional OER/ORR electrocatalysts for Zn–air batteries. By simply immersing Co‐based hydroxide precursor into solution with high‐concentration S2−, transition metal hydroxides convert to hydroxysulfides with excellent morphology preservation at room temperature. The as‐obtained Co‐based metal hydroxysulfides are with high intrinsic reactivity and electrical conductivity. The electron structure of the active sites is adjusted by anion modulation. The potential for 10 mA cm−2 OER current density is 1.588 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and the ORR half‐wave potential is 0.721 V versus RHE, with a potential gap of 0.867 V for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. The Co3FeS1.5(OH)6 hydroxysulfides are employed in the air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery with a small overpotential of 0.86 V at 20.0 mA cm−2, a high specific capacity of 898 mAh g−1, and a long cycling life, which is much better than Pt and Ir‐based electrocatalyst in Zn–air batteries.
Transition metal hydroxysulfides are proposed as bifunctional electrocatalysts in working Zn–air batteries with high oxygen evolution reaction/oxygen reduction reaction reactivities, high power densities, large capacities, and extraordinary stabilities. These transition metal hydroxysulfides are fabricated through a novel room‐temperature sulfurization strategy, which opens new doors to materials innovation of transition metal (hydro/oxy)sulfides and their practical applications in hetero/electrocatalysis, energy storage, and healthcare applications.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries promise great potential as high‐energy‐density energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Evaluation and analysis on ...practical Li–S pouch cells are essential for achieving actual high energy density under working conditions and affording developing directions for practical applications. This review aims to afford a comprehensive overview of high‐energy‐density Li–S pouch cells regarding 7 years of development and to point out further research directions. Key design parameters to achieve actual high energy density are addressed first, to define the research boundaries distinguished from coin‐cell‐level evaluation. Systematic analysis of the published literature and cutting‐edge performances is then conducted to demonstrate the achieved progress and the gap toward practical applications. Following that, failure analysis as well as promotion strategies at the pouch cell level are, respectively, discussed to reveal the unique working and failure mechanism that shall be accordingly addressed. Finally, perspectives toward high‐performance Li–S pouch cells are presented regarding the challenges and opportunities of this field.
High‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur pouch cells are cpomprehensively reviewed regarding the key design parameters, the current performances, and recent advances on failure analysis and promotion strategies on cathode, electrolyte, and anode.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a green oxidizer widely involved in a vast number of chemical reactions. Electrochemical reduction of oxygen to H2O2 constitutes an environmentally friendly synthetic ...route. However, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is kinetically sluggish and undesired water serves as the main product on most electrocatalysts. Therefore, electrocatalysts with high reactivity and selectivity are highly required for H2O2 electrosynthesis. In this work, a synergistic strategy is proposed for the preparation of H2O2 electrocatalysts with high ORR reactivity and high H2O2 selectivity. A Co−Nx−C site and oxygen functional group comodified carbon‐based electrocatalyst (named as Co–POC–O) is synthesized. The Co–POC–O electrocatalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance for H2O2 electrosynthesis in O2‐saturated 0.10 m KOH with a high selectivity over 80% as well as very high reactivity with an ORR potential at 1 mA cm−2 of 0.79 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Further mechanism study identifies that the Co−Nx−C sites and oxygen functional groups contribute to the reactivity and selectivity for H2O2 electrogeneration, respectively. This work affords not only an emerging strategy to design H2O2 electrosynthesis catalysts with remarkable performance, but also the principles of rational combination of multiple active sites for green and sustainable synthesis of chemicals through electrochemical processes.
A synergistic strategy of rational combination of multiple active sites is proposed for high‐performance H2O2 electrosynthesis. Comodification of atomic Co–Nx–C sites and oxygen functional groups on noble‐metal‐free nanocarbon electrocatalysts synergistically renders high reactivity for oxygen reduction and high selectivity for the two‐electron pathway. Consequently, high H2O2 productivity is achieved through a green and sustainable electrochemical approach.
Lithium‐metal electrodes have undergone a comprehensive renaissance to meet the requirements of high‐energy‐density batteries due to their lowest electrode potential and the very high theoretical ...capacity. Unfortunately, the unstable interface between lithium and nonaqueous electrolyte induces dendritic Li and low Coulombic efficiency during repeated Li plating/stripping, which is one of the huge obstacles toward practical lithium‐metal batteries. Here, a composite mixed ionic/electronic conductor interphase (MCI) is formed on the surface of Li by in situ chemical reactions of a copper‐fluoride‐based solution and Li metal at room temperature. The as‐obtained MCI film acts like the armor of a soldier to protect the Li‐metal anode by its prioritized lithium storage, high ionic conductivity, and high Young's modulus. The armored MCI can effectively suppress Li‐dendrite growth and work effectively in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/Li cells. The armored MCI presents fresh insights into the formation and regulation of the stable electrode–electrolyte interface and an effective strategy to protect Li‐metal anodes in working Li‐metal batteries.
A composite mixed ionic/electronic conductor interphase (MCI) is formed on the surface of lithium by in situ chemical reactions of copper‐fluoride‐based solution and Li metal at room temperature. The as‐obtained MCI film acts like the armor of a soldier to protect the Li‐metal anode by its prioritized lithium storage, high ionic conductivity, and high Young's modulus.
The development of energy‐storage devices has received increasing attention as a transformative technology to realize a low‐carbon economy and sustainable energy supply. Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) ...batteries are considered to be one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh energy density. Despite the extraordinary progress in the last few years, the actual energy density of Li–S batteries is still far from satisfactory to meet the demand for practical applications. Considering the sulfur electrochemistry is highly dependent on solid‐liquid‐solid multi‐phase conversion, the electrolyte amount plays a primary role in the practical performances of Li–S cells. Therefore, a lean electrolyte volume with low electrolyte/sulfur ratio is essential for practical Li–S batteries, yet under these conditions it is highly challenging to achieve acceptable electrochemical performances regarding sulfur kinetics, discharge capacity, Coulombic efficiency, and cycling stability especially for high‐sulfur‐loading cathodes. In this Review, the impact of the electrolyte/sulfur ratio on the actual energy density and the economic cost of Li–S batteries is addressed. Challenges and recent progress are presented in terms of the sulfur electrochemical processes: the dissolution–precipitation conversion and the solid–solid multi‐phasic transition. Finally, prospects of future lean‐electrolyte Li–S battery design and engineering are discussed.
Lean on me: The challenges, recent progress, and perspectives for lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries are discussed in terms of the two electrochemical processes for sulfur, that is, the dissolution–precipitation conversion and the solid–solid pathway.
High‐performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis constitutes the key technique for the widespread application of clean and sustainable energy through electrochemical devices such as rechargeable ...Zn–air batteries. Single‐atom electrocatalysts with maximum atom efficiency are highly considered as an alternative of the present noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts. However, the fabrication of transition metal single‐atoms is very challenging, requiring extensive attempts of precursors with novel design principles. Herein, an all‐covalently constructed cobalt‐coordinated framework porphyrin with graphene hybridization is innovatively designed and prepared as the pyrolysis precursor to fabricate single‐atom Co–Nx–C electrocatalysts. Excellent electrochemical performances are realized for both bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis and rechargeable Zn–air batteries with regard to reduced overpotentials, improved kinetics, and prolonged cycling stability comparable with noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts. Design principles from multiple scales are proposed and rationalized with detailed mechanism investigation. This work not only provides a novel precursor for the fabrication of high‐performance single‐atom electrocatalysts, but also inspires further attempts to develop advanced materials and emerging applications.
Cobalt‐coordinated framework porphyrin hybridized with graphene is employed as the pyrolysis precursor to fabricate single‐atom Co–Nx–C electrocatalysts. Excellent ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalytic performances are achieved with a small overpotential gap of 0.87 V, and corresponding Zn–air batteries afford higher power density, improved rate performance, and cycling stability for over 200 cycles beyond the noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts.
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