In this article, the authors further develop the theory of leader humility by exploring the affective impact, a vital boundary condition, and the antecedents of leader humility. Specifically, they ...(a) theorize how leader humility can enhance followers' performance by increasing their relational energy and decreasing their emotional exhaustion, (b) test perceived leader power in the organization as an important boundary condition of leader humility effectiveness, and (c) establish leader's incremental theory of the self (i.e., growth mindset) and relational identity as important enablers of leader humility. Surveying 211 leader-follower dyads in a two-phase study (Study 1), we find that leader humility has a positive indirect effect on followers' task performance through increased follower relational energy and decreased emotional exhaustion. In addition, the effects of leader humility on followers' relational energy with the leader, emotional exhaustion, and task performance tend to be stronger when followers perceive more power in the leader. Study 2-a multiphase field study surveying 201 leader-follower dyads embedded in 85 teams-not only replicates the results found in Study 1 with more objective, multirater employee performance, but more importantly, establishes leader incremental theory of the self (or growth mindset; Dweck, 2010) and relational identity as important antecedents of leader humility. The authors discuss theoretical and practical implications and recommend directions for future research.
•Tourism development contributes to regional economic convergence in China.•Domestic tourism makes a larger contribution than international tourism.•A spatiotemporal model is proposed to account for ...spatial and temporal dependence.•Spatial heterogeneity is captured with fixed effects and local estimation.
This study examines the role of tourism development in reducing regional income inequality in China. First, the theoretical foundation for how tourism affects regional income inequality is discussed. Second, based on the conditional convergence framework, this study proposes a spatiotemporal autoregressive model to capture spatial and temporal dependence as well as spatial heterogeneity. Tourism development is introduced as a conditional convergence factor in an attempt to examine whether the convergence speed is accelerated by regional tourism development. Third, the effects of international and domestic tourism in narrowing regional inequality are compared both globally and locally. The empirical results indicate that tourism development contributes significantly to the reduction of regional inequality, with domestic tourism making a greater contribution than international tourism.
Ribosome profiling has revealed pervasive but largely uncharacterized translation outside of canonical coding sequences (CDSs). In this work, we exploit a systematic CRISPR-based screening strategy ...to identify hundreds of noncanonical CDSs that are essential for cellular growth and whose disruption elicits specific, robust transcriptomic and phenotypic changes in human cells. Functional characterization of the encoded microproteins reveals distinct cellular localizations, specific protein binding partners, and hundreds of microproteins that are presented by the human leukocyte antigen system. We find multiple microproteins encoded in upstream open reading frames, which form stable complexes with the main, canonical protein encoded on the same messenger RNA, thereby revealing the use of functional bicistronic operons in mammals. Together, our results point to a family of functional human microproteins that play critical and diverse cellular roles.
•SGM young people showed high mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.•SGM young people also had high levels of COVID-19 worry and grief.•Pre-pandemic SGM mental health disparities do not ...fully explain these effects.•Lifetime discrimination and family support also do not explain this effect.•Clinicians must consider nuanced and innovative therapies to support SGM people.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented isolation and mental health effects; few studies have characterized this in sexual and gender (SGM) minority young people, a particularly vulnerable population. This cross-sectional study sought to analyze the mental health outcomes of SGM young people (18-30 years) during the early stages of the pandemic in the United States (April 13-June 18, 2020) and to explore how factors related to SGM identity impact mental health, such as lifetime discrimination, family support, and pre-existing mental health conditions. An online survey collected socio-demographic information and assessed for both mental health (depression (PHQ-8), anxiety (GAD-7), PTSD (PCL-C)) and COVID-19-related outcomes (COVID-19-related worries and COVID-19-related grief). Out of 981 participants, 320 (32.6%) identified as SGM. SGM had significantly higher levels of depression and PTSD symptoms as well as COVID-19-related worries and grief than non-SGM, even after controlling for family support, lifetime discrimination, and pre-existing mental health diagnoses. These findings suggest that not only has the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted SGM mental health, but that minority stress factors cannot fully explain this impact. Thus, clinicians and societal stakeholders (schools, employers, policymakers) must think beyond traditional minority stress factors (family support, discrimination) and pre-pandemic disparities to support this vulnerable population as the pandemic progresses.
This article reviews the recent developments in microfluidic technologies for in vitro cancer diagnosis. We summarize the working principles and experimental results of key microfluidic platforms for ...cancer cell detection, characterization, and separation based on cell-affinity micro-chromatography, magnetic activated micro-sorting, and cellular biophysics (e.g., cell size and mechanical and electrical properties). We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities for improving device throughput and purity, and for enabling on-chip analysis of captured cancer cells.
The rotational period of isolated pulsars increases over time due to the extraction of angular momentum by electromagnetic torques. These torques also change the obliquity angle α between the ...magnetic and rotational axes. Although actual pulsar magnetospheres are plasma filled, the time evolution of α has mostly been studied for vacuum pulsar magnetospheres. In this work, we self-consistently account for the plasma effects for the first time by analysing the results of time-dependent 3D force-free and magnetohydrodynamic simulations of pulsar magnetospheres. We show that if a neutron star is spherically symmetric and is embedded with a dipolar magnetic moment, the pulsar evolves so as to minimize its spin-down luminosity: both vacuum and plasma-filled pulsars evolve towards the aligned configuration (α = 0). However, they approach the alignment in qualitatively different ways. Vacuum pulsars come into alignment exponentially fast, with α ∝ exp (−t/τ) and τ ∼ spin-down time-scale. In contrast, we find that plasma-filled pulsars align much more slowly, with α ∝ (t/τ)−1/2. We argue that the slow time evolution of obliquity of plasma-filled pulsars can potentially resolve several observational puzzles, including the origin of normal pulsars with periods of ∼1 s, the evidence that oblique pulsars come into alignment over a time-scale of ∼107 yr, and the observed deficit, relative to an isotropic obliquity distribution, of pulsars showing interpulse emission.
Group cohesion is critical in the workplace, especially when individual and contextual constraints coexist but high performance is essential. We assess the source of variation in group members' ...perceptions of cohesion. Using an interactional psychology perspective, and within the context of intensive care, this study examines the interactive effects of nurses' self‐concept and the objective social context within which they are embedded. Individual‐ and unit‐level factors are investigated because they jointly shape the degree to which nurses perceive their intensive care units as cohesive. A multisource, multilevel study of approximately 140 nurses employed in 20 units across Denmark demonstrates the role self‐concept plays in easing and enhancing the constraints workplaces impose on cohesion. Implications for research on emergent states and interactional psychology are discussed.
Many transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth undergo a social transition in which they change their gender expression to align with their gender identity. Our objective was to examine associations ...between timing of social transition (during the prepubertal childhood period, adolescence, or adulthood) and adult mental health outcomes.
We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, a cross-sectional nonprobability survey of 27,715 TGD adults in the United States. Based on self-reports, participants were categorized as having undergone social transition during childhood (ages 3–9 years), adolescence (ages 10–17 years), or adulthood (ages ≥18 years). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between timing of social transition and adult mental health outcomes.
After adjusting for demographic and potential confounding variables, childhood social transition was associated with lower odds of lifetime marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio .7, 95% confidence interval = .5–.8, p < .0001) when compared with adult social transition. Before adjusting for K-12 harassment based on gender identity, adolescent social transition was associated with adverse mental health outcomes, including greater odds of lifetime suicide attempts when compared with adult social transition (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.1–1.7, p = .004). These associations were no longer significant after further adjusting for K-12 harassment.
Although past research has shown TGD youth who undergo social transition have favorable mental health outcomes in the short term, they may have worse mental health in adulthood if not protected from K-12 harassment based on gender identity. It is the responsibility of clinicians to emphasize the importance of adolescents having safe and affirming social environments.
Abstract
Business model innovation can be a key driver to realizing the transformation needed to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). At the same time, the SDGs can ...support organizations as they identify and tackle opportunities for business model innovation. This study uses a constructive research method to build a managerial approach that supports business model innovation for the SDGs. The approach helps organizations assess their contribution to the SDGs, explore and prioritize SDG‐oriented business opportunities and risks, and formulate business model innovation strategies accordingly. The proposed approach was developed through participatory action research conducted in collaboration with two companies operating in the medical and educational sectors and then applied to Ørsted, a multinational power company, which is strongly committed to a sustainability‐driven business transformation and aspires to contribute strongly to SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate action). The study furthers the academic and practical debate on business model innovation for sustainability by providing new academic and practical knowledge on how organizations can use the SDGs to stimulate business model innovations.
Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction is a significant contributor to weaning difficulty in ventilated critically ill patients. It has been hypothesized that electrically pacing the diaphragm ...during mechanical ventilation could reduce diaphragm dysfunction.
We tested a novel, central line catheter-based, transvenous phrenic nerve pacing therapy for protecting the diaphragm in sedated and ventilated pigs.
Eighteen Yorkshire pigs were studied. Six pigs were sedated and mechanically ventilated for 2.5 days with pacing on alternate breaths at intensities that reduced the ventilator pressure-time product by 20-30%. Six matched subjects were similarly sedated and ventilated but were not paced. Six pigs served as never-ventilated, never-paced control animals.
Cumulative duration of pacing therapy ranged from 19.7 to 35.7 hours. Diaphragm thickness assessed by ultrasound and normalized to initial value showed a significant decline in ventilated-not paced but not in ventilated-paced subjects (0.84 interquartile range (IQR), 0.78-0.89 vs. 1.10 IQR, 1.02-1.24; P = 0.001). Compared with control animals (24.6 μm
/kg; IQR, 21.6-26.0), median myofiber cross-sectional areas normalized to weight and sarcomere length were significantly smaller in the ventilated-not paced (17.9 μm
/kg; IQR, 15.3-23.7; P = 0.005) but not in the ventilated-paced group (24.9 μm
/kg; IQR, 16.6-27.3; P = 0.351). After 60 hours of mechanical ventilation all six ventilated-paced subjects tolerated 8 minutes of intense phrenic stimulation, whereas three of six ventilated-not paced subjects did not (P = 0.055). There was a nonsignificant decrease in diaphragm tetanic force production over the experiment in the ventilated-paced and ventilated-not paced groups.
These results suggest that early transvenous phrenic nerve pacing may mitigate ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
PDF
