(A point-by-point response to a comment (quant-ph/0509130) on our paper
(quant-ph/0509089) is added as Appendix C. We find the comment incorrect.)
Einstein's criticism of the Copenhagen ...interpretation of quantum mechanics is
an important part of his legacy. Although most physicists consider Einstein's
criticism technically unfounded, we show that the Copenhagen interpretation is
actually incorrect, since Born's probability explanation of the wave function
is incorrect due to a false assumption on "continuous probabilities" in modern
probability theory. "Continuous probability" means a "probability measure" that
can take every value in a subinterval of the unit interval (0, 1). We prove
that such "continuous probabilities" are invalid. Since Bell's inequality also
assumes "continuous probabilities", the result of the experimental test of
Bell's inequality is not evidence supporting the Copenhagen interpretation.
Although successful applications of quantum mechanics and explanation of
quantum phenomena do not necessarily rely on the Copenhagen interpretation, the
question asked by Einstein 70 years ago, i.e., whether a complete description
of reality exists, still remains open.
The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of ...disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010.
We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE).
In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for "HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases" and "transport injuries" (each -19%). "Diabetes and kidney diseases" showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, "mental disorders" showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%).
There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease.
A heterogeneous peer-to-peer network testbed Li, V.O.K.; Li Cui; Qiang Liu ...
2009 First International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks,
2009-June
Conference Proceeding
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous peer-to-peer network testbed, which is developed as part of a joint research project to investigate novel resource discovery and content distribution ...protocols in a heterogeneous wired/wireless environment. We describe the testbed requirements, the testbed architecture, the multi-functional wireless node, and the software architecture. We also describe some of the proposed protocols to be developed and tested on the testbed.
Transmission scheduling is a key design problem in wireless multi-hop networks and many scheduling algorithms have been proposed to maximize the spatial reuse and minimize the time-division multiple- ...access (TDMA) frame length. Most of scheduling algorithms are graph-based, dependent on the exact network topology information and cannot adapt to the dynamic wireless environment. Some topology-independent TDMA scheduling algorithms have been proposed, and do not need accurate topology information. Our proposed algorithm follows a similar approach but with a different design strategy. Instead of minimizing the TDMA frame length, we maximize the minimum expected throughput, and we consider multicasting and broadcasting. The simulation result shows that the performance of our algorithm is better than the conventional TDMA and other existing algorithms in most cases.
This paper describes a feasibility study of the adaptive mobile access protocol (AMAP) for MSAT-X, a proposed experimental mobile satellite communication network. The mobiles are dispersed over a ...wide geographical area and the channel data rate is limited due to the size and cost limitations of mobile antennas. AMAP is a reservation based multiple-access scheme. The available bandwidth is divided into subchannels, which are divided into reservation and message channels. The ALOHA multiple-access scheme is employed in the reservation channels, while the message channels are demand assigned. AMAP adaptively reallocates the reservation and message channels to optimize system performance. It has been shown that if messages are generated at a rate of one message per hour, AMAP can support approximately 2000 active users per 2400 bit/s channel with an average delay of 1.4 s.
A network partitioning occurs when failures fragment the network into at least 2 sub-networks. This causes the network performance to degrade; many techniques have been proposed to combat this ...degradation. The number of possible partitionings in a fully connected network of n nodes is greater than 2'', for large n. Thus, analysis of partitioning-resilient algorithms is extremely difficult due to the difficulty of computing the probabilities of occurrence of the partitionings. The authors propose an algorithm that orders network partitionings in decreasing order of probability. This algorithm is similar to the Most Probable State Enumeration (MPSE) algorithm of Li & Silvester (1984). By looking at only the most probable partitionings, the performance of the network can be estimated well. This approach also gives bounds on the network performance. Two distinct equally-important goals have been attained: the algorithm Order-P is proposed, and the algorithm is applied in the real world and demonstrates its value in performance modeling of distributed systems.< >
Social-based forwarding algorithms provide a new perspective on the study of routing in opportunistic mobile networks, and all of these schemes assume a uniform pattern for message generating rule. ...However, this is unconvincing due to the heterogeneity of contact rates in human communication patterns. In this paper we propose three social-based communication pattern models and utilize them to evaluate the network performance of different social-based routing protocols based on several human mobility traces. We find that communication patterns could significantly affect the network performance and the influence degree largely depends on the social metrics which these communication patterns are based on. We contend that considering communication pattern is quite important for designing a practical routing algorithm in opportunistic mobile networks.
Cell motility is driven by the sum of asymmetric traction forces exerted on the substrate through adhesion foci that interface with the actin cytoskeleton. Establishment of this asymmetry involves ...microtubules, which exert a destabilising effect on adhesion foci via targeting events. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a mechano-sensing mechanism that signals microtubule polymerisation and guidance of the microtubules towards adhesion sites under increased stress. Stress was applied either by manipulating the body of cells moving on glass with a microneedle or by stretching a flexible substrate that cells were migrating on. We propose a model for this mechano-sensing phenomenon whereby microtubule polymerisation is stimulated and guided through the interaction of a microtubule tip complex with actin filaments under tension.
Background: Consumption of fibre, fruits and vegetables have been linked with lower colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. A genome-wide gene-environment (G × E) analysis was performed to test whether genetic ...variants modify these associations. Methods: A pooled sample of 45 studies including up to 69,734 participants (cases: 29,896; controls: 39,838) of European ancestry were included. To identify G × E interactions, we used the traditional 1--degree-of-freedom (DF) G × E test and to improve power a 2-step procedure and a 3DF joint test that investigates the association between a genetic variant and dietary exposure, CRC risk and G × E interaction simultaneously. Findings: The 3-DF joint test revealed two significant loci with p-value <5 × 10−8. Rs4730274 close to the SLC26A3 gene showed an association with fibre (p-value: 2.4 × 10−3) and G × fibre interaction with CRC (OR per quartile of fibre increase = 0.87, 0.80, and 0.75 for CC, TC, and TT genotype, respectively; G × E p-value: 1.8 × 10−7). Rs1620977 in the NEGR1 gene showed an association with fruit intake (p-value: 1.0 × 10−8) and G × fruit interaction with CRC (OR per quartile of fruit increase = 0.75, 0.65, and 0.56 for AA, AG, and GG genotype, respectively; G × E -p-value: 0.029). Interpretation: We identified 2 loci associated with fibre and fruit intake that also modify the association of these dietary factors with CRC risk. Potential mechanisms include chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders, and gut function. However, further studies are needed for mechanistic validation and replication of findings. Funding: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Full funding details for the individual consortia are provided in acknowledgments.
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