In recent years, foreign language classroom anxiety and enjoyment have received widespread attention for their significant effects on second language acquisition. Therefore, based on the theory of ...complex dynamic systems, this paper recruited five students in a second language classroom as research subjects and used the individual dynamics method and EDM modeling to follow up their foreign language anxiety and enjoyment in the second language classroom over a short window of time. After completing the data collection, correlation analysis and PLS regression analysis were combined in statistical analysis to explore the predictive efficacy of the emotion dynamic model on anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. The results showed that there was a nonlinear dynamic correlation pattern between foreign language enjoyment and foreign language anxiety, which continuously alternated between zero, negative, and positive correlations, and the dynamic pattern was individualized. Learners’ emotional experiences and positive (intrinsic and external) emotional values together predict 44% and 67% of anxiety and enjoyment in foreign language classrooms. This study contributes to foreign language teachers’ further understanding of the mechanisms of positive and negative emotions and has implications for teaching second languages.
Launched in May 2018, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On mission (GRACE‐FO)—the successor of the erstwhile GRACE mission—monitors changes in total water storage, which is a ...critical state variable of the regional and global hydrologic cycles. However, the gap between data of the two missions is breaking the continuity of the observations and limiting its further application. In this study, we used three learning‐based models, that is, deep neural network, multiple linear regression (MLR), and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables, and six GRACE solutions (i.e., Jet Propulsion Laboratory spherical harmonics (JPL‐SH), Center for Space Research SH (CSR‐SH), GeoforschungsZentrum Potsdam SH (GFZ‐SH), JPL mass concentration blocks (mascons) (JPL‐M), CSR mascons (CSR‐M), and Goddard Space Flight Center mascons (GSFC‐M)) to reconstruct the missing monthly data at a grid cell scale. Evaluation showed that the three learning‐based models were reliable for the reconstruction of GRACE data in areas with humid and no/low human interventions. The deep neural network models slightly outperformed the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables models and significantly outperformed the multiple linear regression models in most of 60 basins studied. The three GRACE mascon data sets performed better than the SH data sets at the basin scale. The models with SH solutions showed similar performance, but the models with the mascon solutions varied markedly in some basins. Results of this study are expected to provide a reference for bridging the data gaps between the GRACE and GRACE‐FO satellites and for selecting suitable GRACE solutions for regional hydrologic studies.
Key Points
Gaps between the GRACE and GRACE‐FO data sets are filled across global land areas
Performance of reconstructing total water storage anomalies using three learning‐based models and six GRACE solutions is evaluated
Findings of this study improve understanding of global and regional hydrologic cycles, various GRACE products, and learning models
Physicochemical properties, such as solute concentration, flow acidity and flow rate, regulate flow and reactive transport in porous media. Mineral precipitation – dissolution (PD) dynamically ...changes the pore structural heterogeneity and affects the physicochemical properties, yet the interplay between the PD process and structural heterogeneity remains unclear. This study took the precipitation of Ca2+ and CO32− (Ca2++CO32−⇌CaCO3) as an example to study the reactive transport behavior under different physicochemical conditions in saturated, heterogeneous-packed porous media. A series of column breakthrough experiments and numerical simulations of the coupled flow and PD processes were conducted. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and pore morphology analysis were also applied to investigate the effects of calcite precipitation on pore structure. Results demonstrate that solute concentration, flow acidity, and flow rates in homogeneous columns significantly altered the time of the PD process to reach equilibrium, leading to immediate chemical environmental changes, and thus impact reactive transport behavior. Preferential flow paths in heterogeneous-packed columns could lead to early breakthroughs and thereby promoted the transport of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in saturated porous media. XCT images revealed that surface roughness played an important role in Ca2+ precipitation, i.e., CaCO3 clustered more on concave surface than convex surface, reshaping a round coat outside grain particles. The CaCO3 precipitation could also narrow or even block the pore throats, and thus decrease the pore connectivity, which hinders the breakthrough behavior. Our study provided experimental evidence for a predictive understanding of Ca2+ reactive transport as well as new insights into the changes in soil structural heterogeneity and transport properties during the PD process.
•Column experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to study the effects of structural heterogeneity on solute precipitation – dissolution process.•XCT visualization was performed to reveal pore-scale structural change and precipitation.•Porosity and Minkowski functionals were calculated for pore morphological analysis.
Dear Editor, Lysine crotonylation is a posttranslational modifi- cation （PTM） of histone proteins originally identified by Tan et al. 1. This novel evolutionarily conserved histone modification was ...identified on 28 lysine sites on various histones 1. Lysine crotonylation occurs primar- ily on the ε-amino group of lysine, but its planar orien- tation and four-carbon length distinguish it from lysine acetylation. Histone crotonylation specifically labels the enhancers and transcription starting sites of active genes in both the human somatic cell genome and the murine male germ cell genome. Histone crotonylation, like acetylation.
Rapid enhancer and slow promoter evolution have been demonstrated through comparative genomics. However, it is not clear how this information is encoded genetically and if this can be used to place ...evolution in a predictive context. Part of the challenge is that our understanding of the potential for regulatory evolution is biased primarily toward natural variation or limited experimental perturbations. Here, to explore the evolutionary capacity of promoter variation, we surveyed an unbiased mutation library for three promoters in
. We found that mutations in promoters had limited to no effect on spatial patterns of gene expression. Compared to developmental enhancers, promoters are more robust to mutations and have more access to mutations that can increase gene expression, suggesting that their low activity might be a result of selection. Consistent with these observations, increasing the promoter activity at the endogenous locus of
led to increased transcription yet limited phenotypic changes. Taken together, developmental promoters may encode robust transcriptional outputs allowing evolvability through the integration of diverse developmental enhancers. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches to predicting evolutionary biology'.
Purpose The development of multiple system diseases is increased by obesity. However, the connection between obesity and developmental disabilities (DDs) in children is unclear. As an obesity index, ...the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) assessed fat distribution and muscle mass. In this study, we examined the correlation between WWI and DDs among children 6 to 17 years of age. Methods This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (NHANES) covering 2003 to 2018, which included the data of 17,899 participants between 6 and 17 years of age. Data regarding their waist circumference, weight, and DDs were collected via physical examinations and questionnaire, respectively. A person’s WWI is calculated by dividing their waist circumference by their weight squared. The correlation between WWI and DDs was studied using weighted multiple logistic regression models. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted utilizing a generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting. Results After adjusting for all covariates, WWI was positively related to DDs in children ages 6-17. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the correlation between the WWI and prevalence of DDs remained consistent across subgroups. Additionally, there was a J-shaped correlation between the WWI and the prevalence of DDs in children ages 6 through 11. Conclusion Children 6–17 years of age with a high WWI were at greater risk for DDs; however, the causal relationships and potential mechanisms require further exploration.
Satellite remote sensing combined with water balance calculations provides a promising approach to estimating evapotranspiration (ET), a critical variable in water‐energy exchange. Here we compare ET ...estimates from terrestrial and atmospheric water balances, multisource remote sensing (AVHRR, GLEAM, and MOD16), and a land surface model (GLDAS NOAH) for headwaters on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), that is, headwaters of the Brahmaputra (HBR), Salween (HSR), Mekong (HMR), Yangtze (HYR), and Huang (Yellow; HHR) Rivers, for the 2003–2012 period. Results show that (1) ET estimated from terrestrial and atmospheric water balances agrees closely in three basins (HMR, HYR, and HHR) but has large discrepancies in the other two basins (HBR and HSR), mainly caused by uncertainties in the terrestrial water balance; (2) agreement between various ET products and water balance‐derived ET baselines is highest for GLEAM in two basins (HMR and HYR) and GLDAS NOAH in another two basins (HSR and HHR); and (3) large discrepancies between water balance‐derived ET and all ET products are found in the most glacierized HBR, which may reflect the importance of sublimation in the ET process. The decadal mean ET based on water balance‐derived ET baselines is highest in the HHR (447 mm/year) and HSR (430 mm/year) and lowest in the HBR (238 mm/year), ranging from 51% to 78% of mean precipitation in the five TP headwaters. These findings have important implications for ET estimation on the TP headwaters, which greatly influences downstream water availability.
Key Points
ET across the Tibetan Plateau headwaters is estimated from terrestrial and atmospheric water balances
Performance of various ET products from remote sensing and land surface modeling is evaluated
Spatiotemporal variability in ET is discussed, indicating the importance of the sublimation process over this region
•Sulfated mannoglucan, JCS1S2 could disrupt angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.•JCS1S2 bound to both VEGF and VEGFR2 to inactivate VEGFR2 phosphorylation.•JCS1S2 downregulated the expression of ...VEGF and its transcription factor AP-1.•JCS2S2 impeded angiogenesis via blocking VEGFR2/Erk/VEGF signaling.
More and more evidences suggested that sulfated natural glycans had impact on angiogenesis. However, the molecular targets and functional mechanism of glycans are still vague. JCS1S2 was the sulfated mannoglucan featured with a backbone of 1, 4-linked β-Manp and 1, 4-linked α-Glcp with sulfation at C-6 of β-Manp and α-Glcp residues, respectively. The degree of substitution of this sulfated polysaccharide was 1.74 and its molecular weight was 56.2 kDa. We provided evidences that JCS1S2 could disrupt angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. This sulfated polysaccharide inhibited migration and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) whereas showed no effect on the cells proliferation. Further study uncovered that JCS1S2 bound to both VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) (KD value: 4.82 × 10−9) and VEGFR2 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2) (KD value: 1.50 × 10-7) to inactivate VEGFR2 phosphorylation. In addition, JCS1S2 blocked downstream signaling and impaired the expression of VEGF and its transcription factor AP-1 (Activator protein-1). These results demonstrated that JCS1S2 interrupted angiogenesis via blocking VEGF signaling transduction and could be a potential anti-angiogenetic agent for disease treatment.
Most of the membrane molecules involved in immune response are glycosylated. N-glycans linked to asparagine (Asn) of immune molecules contribute to the protein conformation, surface expression, ...stability, and antigenicity. Core fucosylation catalyzed by core fucosyltransferase (FUT8) is the most common post-translational modification. Core fucosylation is essential for evoking a proper immune response, which this review aims to communicate. First, FUT8 deficiency suppressed the interaction between μHC and λ5 during pre-BCR assembly is given. Second, we described the effects of core fucosylation in B cell signal transduction
BCR. Third, we investigated the role of core fucosylation in the interaction between helper T (T
) cells and B cells. Finally, we showed the role of FUT8 on the biological function of IgG. In this review, we discussed recent insights into the sites where core fucosylation is critical for humoral immune responses.
The health risks of lead-zinc (Pb–Zn) tailings from heavy metal (HMs) contamination have been gaining increasing public concern. The dispersal of HMs from tailings poses a substantial threat to ...ecosystems. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of migration and transformation of HMs in Pb–Zn tailings has significant ecological and environmental significance. Initially, this study encapsulated the distribution and contamination status of Pb–Zn tailings in China. Subsequently, we comprehensively scrutinized the mechanisms governing the migration and transformation of HMs in the Pb–Zn tailings from a geochemical perspective. This examination reveals the intricate interplay between various biotic and abiotic constituents, including environmental factors (EFs), characteristic minerals, organic flotation reagents (OFRs), and microorganisms within Pb–Zn tailings interact through a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes, leading to the formation of complexes, chelates, and aggregates involving HMs and OFRs. These interactions ultimately influence the migration and transformation of HMs. Finally, we provide an overview of contaminant migration prediction and ecological remediation in Pb–Zn tailings. In this systematic review, we identify several forthcoming research imperatives and methodologies. Specifically, understanding the dynamic mechanisms underlying the migration and transformation of HMs is challenging. These challenges encompass an exploration of the weathering processes of characteristic minerals and their interactions with HMs, the complex interplay between HMs and OFRs in Pb–Zn tailings, the effects of microbial community succession during the storage and remediation of Pb–Zn tailings, and the importance of utilizing process-based models in predicting the fate of HMs, and the potential for microbial remediation of tailings.
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•Analyzing HM migration and transformation processes from a geochemical perspective.•EF, mineral, OFR and microorganism are vital for HM migration and transformation.•Microbial remediation of Pb–Zn tailings holds significant prospect for development.
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