Accumulating evidence has suggested that mitosis and endocytosis share many functional units. In this review, we summarize important proteins or protein complexes that participate in both processes, ...compare their mechanism of action, and discuss the rationale behind this multifunctionality.
Mitosis and endocytosis are two fundamental cellular processes essential for maintaining a eukaryotic life. Mitosis partitions duplicated chromatin enveloped in the nuclear membrane into two new cells, whereas endocytosis takes in extracellular substances through membrane invagination. These two processes are spatiotemporally separated and seemingly unrelated. However, recent studies have uncovered that endocytic proteins have moonlighting functions in mitosis, and mitotic complexes manifest additional roles in endocytosis. In this review, we summarize important proteins or protein complexes that participate in both processes, compare their mechanism of action, and discuss the rationale behind this multifunctionality. We also speculate on the possible origin of the functional reciprocity from an evolutionary perspective.
MIBS is a lightweight block cipher with 32-round Feistel structure and 64 bit block length, including 64 bit and 80 bit master key versions. Based on the 12-round differential characteristics and the ...characteristics of key arrangement algorithm, this paper proposes 15-round differential analysis for MIBS-64 algorithm for the first time. This article also evaluates the differential analysis of the MIBS algorithm under the quantum model.
•PCM-cooled and PCM-heated BTMS are reviewed.•Phase change fluid (PCF), flexible phase change material (FPCM) and Hybrid cooling are analyzed.•The flammability of organic PCM needs to be solved for ...BTMS.•The stability of inorganic PCM needs to be solved for BTMS.•Various issues and challenges of BTMS based on PCM are identified.
It is known that the performance of a power battery is greatly affected by temperature. The battery pack needs an efficient thermal management system to make the power battery work in a reasonable temperature range. Battery thermal management system (BTMs) based on phase change materials (PCM), as a passive thermal management method, has the advantages of low operating cost and good temperature uniformity. This paper mainly introduces the BTMs based on PCM, including the cooling and heating system based on PCM. For the cooling system of PCM, the performance of composite phase change materials (CPCM) and its heat transfer enhancement, phase change fluid (PCF), flexible phase change materials (FPCM), and hybrid cooling systems are analyzed. For the PCM heating system, the PCM latent heat for preheating of the power battery in a cold environment has also been discussed. Finally, this paper concluded that the next research directions should focus on the improvement of thermal conductivity of PCM, flame retardancy of organic PCM, thermal stability of inorganic PCM, PCF and FPCM, and PCM-based coupled battery thermal management.
The boundary region of the North China Craton (NCC) and Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB), including the northern boundary of the NCC and the southern XMOB, is the ideal area to investigate the ...spatially uneven lithospheric deformation and associated tectonic evolution in the boundary region of the craton and orogen. The depths and structures of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) and mid-lithosphere discontinuity (MLD) are the key information to describe the nature and deformation pattern of the lithosphere, and thus can provide basic constraints on the associated tectonic processes and mechanism of the lithospheric deformation. Based on waveform data collected from 226 broadband seismic stations, high resolution spatial variations in the LAB and MLD depths were obtained by using the wave equation migration method for the S-receiver functions. The migrated images show a lateral variation in the LAB depth from 100–120 km in the northern boundary of the NCC to 120–140 km in the southern XMOB. The imaged LAB within the NCC is much shallower than that revealed by mantle xenoliths enclosed in the nearby Early Paleozoic kimberlites (~180 km), suggesting that the cratonic lithosphere of the area may have undergone significant thinning during the Phanerozoic evolution. Furthermore, a coherent MLD is identified at depths of 70–90 km beneath the northeastern NCC, which corroborates the speculation that the MLD probably existed in the eastern NCC before lithospheric destruction in the Mesozoic. The spatial variations in the LAB and MLD depths probably reflect complex lithospheric deformation and thinning around the boundary region of NCC and XMOB. The properties, including the gradient thickness and S-wave velocity contrast, of the two discontinuities further indicate that lithospheric deformation and thinning might be related to partial melting induced by the Big Mantle Wedge associated with the subducting Paleo-Pacific plate and its stagnation during the Late Mesozoic.
•Lithospheric structure beneath the boundary region of North China Craton and Xing Meng Orogenic Belt were obtained.•Distribution of MLD provides the speculation that the MLD existed in the eastern NCC before its destruction in the Mesozoic.•Lithospheric deformation and thinning might be related to partial melting associated with the subducting Paleo-Pacific plate.
SUMMARY
The bottom of the lower mantle is a key region for material circulation and energy exchange within the Earth, with extremely high heterogeneity and complex dynamics processes. Although ...tomography models have revealed the large-scale velocity structure at the bottom of the lower mantle, the nature of the small-scale lateral heterogeneity structure remains controversial due to resolution limitations. The scattering observations of PKP precursors have been widely used to constrain the small-scale structures at the bottom of the lower mantle due to their special sampling paths and arrival time characteristics. This study cross-validates the presence of scatterers at the bottom of the lower mantle in the northern Bay of Bengal and the northern Gulf of Mexico through migration and array analysis of PKP precursors sampled from seismic arrays in the Sichuan–Yunnan and adjacent areas in China. The forward modelling of the envelope of PKP precursors using the Monte Carlo seismic phonon method reveals that their P-wave velocity perturbations are 0.3 and 0.55 per cent in each area, respectively. Based on the distribution range of the small-scale scatterers, we infer that the northern Bay of Bengal scatterer lies within 200 km above the core–mantle boundary, whereas the thickness of the scattering layer in the northern Gulf of Mexico is approximately 250 km. We propose that the small-scale lateral heterogeneities observed in both regions originate from subducted slabs and may have been transitioned into post-perovskite.
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•BDNF/TrkB signaling in descending pain regulation pathway is closely related to chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis.•Transcranial direct current stimulation relieves chronic pain ...induced by knee osteoarthritis.•Transcranial direct current stimulation exerts analgesic effect by regulating BDNF/TrkB signaling.•It provides an important reference for elucidating the analgesic mechanism of transcranial direct current stimulation.
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common cause of chronic pain, but its pain mechanisms are complex and may be closely related to the descending pain modulation system. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used for relieving pain, but its analgesic mechanisms are still being explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of BDNF/TrkB signaling in chronic pain in KOA and to investigate whether this signaling is related to the analgesic effect of tDCS. Rats were injected with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the left knee joint to establish a chronic pain model and then received 20 min of tDCS for 8 days. Rats were respectively administered the TrkB inhibitor ANA-12 after MIA modeling and exogenous BDNF after tDCS treatment. Behaviors testing was assessed by hot plate and von Frey hairs using the up-down method. In addition, the expression levels of BDNF and TrkB on the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)-the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) axis were detected by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry staining. Behavioral results show that tDCS treatment and ANA-12 injection reversed MIA-induced allodynia while reducing BDNF and TrkB expression levels. Furthermore, injection of exogenous BDNF reversed the therapeutic effect of tDCS on pain. These results indicate that upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling in the descending pain modulation system may play an important role in KOA-induced chronic pain in rats, and tDCS may reduce KOA-induced chronic pain by inhibiting the BDNF/TrkB signaling in the descending pain modulation system.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) changes the structure of the intestinal microbiota and activates the acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Previous studies showed that the way to treat ...COPD and AECOPD via combination of Chinese and Western medicine was successful. However, the effect of the intervention on the structure of the intestinal microbiota has not been studied. In this study, we collected feces from model rats following intervention, integrated with Chinese and Western medicine, and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to clarify the effect on intestinal microbiota. Methods. Twenty-five rats were randomized into the control, COPD, AECOPD, Western medicine (moxifloxacin hydrochloride tablets + salbutamol sulfate tablets, MXF/STL), and integrated Chinese and Western medicine (Tong Sai granules + moxifloxacin hydrochloride tablets + salbutamol sulfate tablets + Bu Fei Yi Shen granules + salbutamol sulfate tablets, TMS/FS) groups. Lipopolysaccharide-combined cigarette smoke exposure method was used to simulate the acute exacerbation-stabilization of COPD. Then, the model rats were intervened. Results. The intervention of combination Chinese and Western medicine improved the lung function, decreased the C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A (SAA), and relieved pathological damage to the pulmonary alveoli and intestinal mucous of AECOPD rats. The proportion of Firmicutes, TM7, Oscillospira, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Treponema, and Turicibacter decreased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Allobaculum increased via the intervention with the combination of Chinese and Western medicine. Conclusions. The intervention with Chinese and Western medicine optimizes the intestinal microbiota structure in AECOPD rat model, which provides a basis for the COPD study in the Chinese medicine.
It is debated whether there was strong climate seasonality during the Eocene, which provides a close geological analogy for near‐future scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. Lithological data ...suggest the existence of a broad arid zone centered around 30°N paleo‐latitude, while a humid climate was supported by palaeobotanic assemblages in East Asia. Here, we report the occurrence of massive primary lacustrine dolomite and magnesite in the central East Asia during the middle Eocene. We provide a novel perspective from magnesium isotopes to link the formation of Mg‐carbonates to seasonal dry‐wet cycles. Rapid magnesium input during the rainy season and intense evaporation in the dry season likely caused the formation of magnesium carbonates in an enclosed lake. These findings provide insights into hydroclimatic seasonality during the Eocene, contributing to our understanding of the hydrological cycle response to a greenhouse climate.
Plain Language Summary
The Eocene epoch serves as a valuable analog for future climates. While geochemical reconstructions and model simulations have illuminated lower thermal latitudinal gradients and seasonal variations, our understanding of Eocene precipitation patterns lags, encompassing wet‐dry conditions and seasonal dynamics. To enhance our understanding of Eocene precipitation patterns, we investigated a 158‐m‐thick primary dolomite and magnesite deposition in the middle Eocene lacustrine succession of the Lushi Basin, central China. From a novel perspective, we provide evidence from magnesium isotopes to link the formation of Mg‐carbonates to climate seasonality. Clumped isotopes (∆47) and Mg isotopes provide evidence supporting the formation under specific hydroclimatic conditions. A surge in magnesium input during the rainy season, succeeded by intense evaporation in the dry season, likely led to the development of extensive Mg carbonate layers in an enclosed lake. The prevalence of seasonal variations in precipitation in the central East Asia during the middle Eocene is further substantiated by a compilation of the occurrence of Eocene lacustrine Mg‐carbonates in this region. Our findings suggest that while Eocene temperature seasonal variability was weak, significant precipitation seasonality could have coexisted.
Key Points
Magnesium isotopes of Eocene lacustrine dolomites and magnesites provide insight into the presence of seasonal precipitation variation
Mg‐carbonate formation was linked to hydroclimatic seasonality characterized by alternation between heavy rainfall and strong evaporation
Weak temperature seasonal variation and significant precipitation seasonality could have coexisted in central East Asia during the Eocene
B7-H3, an important co-inhibitor, is abnormally highly expressed in a variety of malignancies. The antibodies targeting B7-H3 have exhibited beneficial therapeutic effects in clinical trials. ...Therefore, discovery of the regulatory factors in B7-H3 expression may provide new strategies for tumor therapy. Here, we investigated the splicing factors involved in the splicing of B7-H3. By individual knockdown of the splicing factors in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, we found that B7-H3 expression was markedly inhibited by SRSF3 and SRSF8, especially SRSF3. Then we found that both SRSF3 and B7-H3 were highly expressed in CRC tissues. Moreover, high-expression of either SRSF3 or B7-H3 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of patients. The expression of B7-H3 mRNA and protein were evidently reduced by SRSF3 silence, but were enhanced by overexpression of SRSF3 in both HCT-116 and HCT-8 cells. The results from the RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays demonstrated that SRSF3 protein directly binds to B7-H3 mRNA. In addition, we constructed a minigene recombinant plasmid for expressing B7-H3 exons 3–6. We found that SRSF3 contributed to the retention of B7-H3 exon 4. These findings demonstrate that SRSF3 involves in the splicing of B7-H3 by directly binding to its exon 4 and/or 6. It may provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of B7-H3 expression and potential strategies for the treatment of CRC.
The development of neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the reasons why the pain is difficult to treat, and microglial activation plays an important role in NP. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has ...emerged as a novel therapeutic method for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, it's unclarified whether PRP has analgesic effects on NP induced by KOA and the underlying mechanisms unknown.
To observe the analgesic effects of PRP on NP induced by KOA and explore the potential mechanisms of PRP in alleviating NP.
KOA was induced in male rats with intra-articular injections of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) on day 0. The rats received PRP or NS (normal saline) treatment at days 15, 17, and 19 after modeling. The Von Frey and Hargreaves tests were applied to assess the pain-related behaviors at different time points. After euthanizing the rats with deep anesthesia at days 28 and 42, the corresponding tissues were taken for subsequent experiments. The expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and ionized-calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(Iba-1) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the knee histological assessment was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.
The results indicated that injection of MIA induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, which could be reversed by PRP treatment. PRP downregulated the expression of ATF3 within the DRG and Iba-1 within the SDH. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect on cartilage degeneration was observed in the MIA + PRP group only on day 28.
These results indicate that PRP intra-articular injection therapy may be a potential therapeutic agent for relieving NP induced by KOA. This effect could be attributed to downregulation of microglial activation and reduction in nerve injury.
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