Highly efficient and stable blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes are achieved by employing a step‐wise graded doping of platinum(II) ...9‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐(9‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐9H‐carbazol‐2‐yloxy)‐9H‐carbazole (PtNON) in a device setting. A device employing PtNON demonstrates a high peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17.4% with an estimated LT70 lifetime of over 1330 h at a brightness of 1000 cd m−2. PtNON is then investigated as a “triplet sensitizer” in an alternating donor–acceptor doped emissive layer to further improve the device emission color purity by carefully managing an efficient Förster resonant energy transfer from PtNON to 2,5,8,11‐tetra‐tert‐butylperylene as a selected acceptor material. Thus, such OLED devices demonstrate an EQE of 16.9% with color coordinates of (0.16, 0.25) and an estimated luminance (LT70) lifetime of 628 h at a high brightness of 1000 cd m−2.
A novel emissive layer is designed to enable a stable blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode with an external quantum efficiency of 17.4% and an operational lifetime over 1300 h at 1000 cd m‐2. The technique is extended to a fluorescent/phosphorescent emitter system and demonstrates a deep‐blue emission with an external efficiency of 15% and an operational lifetime over 600 h at 1000 cd m‐2 with CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.25).
Chlorine disinfection to drinking water plays an important role in preventing and controlling waterborne disease outbreaks globally. Nevertheless, little is known about why it enriches the antibiotic ...resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria after chlorination. Here, ARGs released from killed antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and culturable chlorine-injured bacteria produced in the chlorination process as the recipient, were investigated to determine their contribution to the horizontal transfer of ARGs during disinfection treatment. We discovered Escherichia coli, Salmonella aberdeen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed diverse resistance to sodium hypochlorite, and transferable RP4 could be released from killed sensitive donor consistently. Meanwhile, the survival of chlorine-tolerant injured bacteria with enhanced cell membrane permeabilisation and a strong oxidative stress-response demonstrated that a physiologically competent cell could be transferred by RP4 with an improved transformation frequency of up to 550 times compared with the corresponding untreated bacteria. Furthermore, the water quality factors involving chemical oxygen demand (COD
), ammonium nitrogen and metal ions (Ca
and K
) could significantly promote above transformation frequency of released RP4 into injured E. faecalis. Our findings demonstrated that the chlorination process promoted the horizontal transfer of plasmids by natural transformation, which resulted in the exchange of ARGs across bacterial genera and the emergence of new ARB, as well as the transfer of chlorine-injured opportunistic pathogen from non-ARB to ARB. Considering that the transfer elements were quite resistant to degradation through disinfection, this situation poses a potential risk to public health.
Background and Aims
There is growing evidence that single‐stranded, circular RNA (circRNA) plays a key role in the development of certain cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is less ...clear, however, what role circRNA plays in HCC metastasis.
Approach and Results
In this study, through circRNA sequencing, we identified a circRNA: circASAP1 (a circRNA derived from exons 2 and 3 of the ASAP1 gene, hsa_circ_0085616), which is associated with pulmonary metastasis after curative resection in patients with HCC. CircASAP1 was overexpressed in HCC cell lines with high metastatic potential and in metastatic HCCs. In vitro, circASAP1 promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and in vivo, it enhanced tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Mechanism studies showed that circASAP1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), both of which are tumor suppressors in HCC. We found that mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)‐1 were direct common targets for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), which were regulated by circASAP1. CircASAP1 promotes HCC cell proliferation and invasion by regulating miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1 signaling and, furthermore, mediates tumor‐associated macrophage infiltration by regulating the miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐CSF‐1 pathway. Clinical HCC samples exhibited a positive correlation between circASAP1 expression and levels of CSF‐1, MAPK1, and CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages, all of which were predictive of patient outcomes.
Conclusion
We identified circASAP1 as a key regulator of HCC metastasis that acts on miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1/CSF‐1 signaling and serves as a prognostic predictor in patients with HCC.
The synthesis strategy, structural characteristics and stability, proton conducting features and mechanism of COFs in the past five years were fully reviewed. Future design ideas, research priorities ...and application prospects for such promising COFs are highlighted.
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•Proton conductive covalent organic frameworks were reviewed.•COFs are classified and described according to the type of linkages.•Proton conductivity and conducting mechanism were discussed.•The future development trend of such COFs is prospected.
As a new class of promising crystalline solid materials, the preparation and application of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have aroused great interest in recent years. In this review, we will focus on the recent research achievements of COFs in the field of proton conductivity from the aspects of design strategies, structural characteristics, proton conducting features and mechanism, application research, etc. Finally, we will present a forward-looking view on the future development and challenges of such functional materials as well as preparation techniques and strategies.
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a major threat to both human health and environmental ecosystem. Although the disinfection has been proved to be efficient to control the ...occurrence of pathogens, little effort is dedicated to revealing potential impacts of disinfection on transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), particularly for free-living ARGs in final disinfected effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP). Here, we investigated the effects of chlorine disinfection on the occurrence and concentration of both extracellular ARGs (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) in a full-scale UWWTP over a year. We reported that the concentrations of both eARGs and iARGs would be increased by the disinfection with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Specifically, chlorination preferentially increased the abundances of eARGs against macrolide (ermB), tetracycline (tetA, tetB and tetC), sulfonamide (sul1, sul2 and sul3), β-lactam (ampC), aminoglycosides (aph(2’)-Id), rifampicin (katG) and vancomycin (vanA) up to 3.8 folds. Similarly, the abundances of iARGs were also increased up to 7.8 folds after chlorination. In terms of correlation analyses, the abundance of Escherichia coli before chlorination showed a strong positive correlation with the total eARG concentration, while lower temperature and higher ammonium concentration were assumed to be associated with the concentration of iARGs. This study suggests the chlorine disinfection could increase the abundances of both iARGs and eARGs, thereby posing risk of the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in environments.
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•Impact of chlorination on eARGs pollution in UWWTPs were for the first time reported.•Chlorination disinfection enhanced both eARGs and iARGs pollution.•Extracellular tetM and sul1 were the most dominant eARGs in the final effluent.•E. coli showed a positive correlation with the total eARG concentration after chlorination.
Malus’ law regulating the intensity of light when passed through a polarizer, forms the solid basis for image steganography based on orthogonal polarizations of light to convey hidden information ...without adverse perceptions, which underpins important practices in information encryptions, anti‐counterfeitings, and security labels. Unfortunately, the restriction to orthogonal states being taken for granted in the common perceptions fails to advance cryptoinformation to upgraded levels of security. By introducing a vectorial compound metapixel design, arbitrary nonorthogonal polarization multiplexing of independent grayscale images with high fidelity and strong concealment is demonstrated. The Jones matrix treatment of compound metapixels consisting of double atoms with tailored in‐plane orientation sum and difference allows point‐by‐point configuring of both the amplitude and polarization rotations of the output beam in an analytical and linear form. With this, both multiplexing two continuous grayscale images in arbitrary nonorthogonal polarization angles and concealing grayscale image on another in an arbitrary disclosure angle window are experimentally demonstrated in the visible TiO2 metasurface platform. The methods shed new light on multifarious metaoptics by harnessing the new degree of freedom and unlock the full potential of metasurface polarization optics.
A vectorial compound metapixel design enables independent and linear modulations of the output beam in both amplitude and polarization rotations across the Malus metasurface. With this, arbitrary‐angle steganography is demonstrated by both multiplexing two continuous grayscale images in arbitrary nonorthogonal polarization angles and concealing one grayscale image on another in an arbitrary disclosure angle window.
A tetradentate cyclometalated Pt(II) complex (PtN3N) is developed as an efficient, stable phosphorescent emitter. One PtN3N device exhibits an estimated LT97 of 2057 h at an initial luminance of 1000 ...cd m–2, while maintaining an external quantum efficiency of 15.3% at such high brightness, demonstrating performance to overcome the last technical barrier to the commercialization of Pt complexes for many applications.
Phosphorescent molecular aggregates show promise in realizing efficient and stable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) operating at high brightness level, which is highly desired for future ...lighting and display applications. Herein, four tetradentate Pd(II) complexes are prepared with judicious ligand design, and their electrochemical and photophysical properties are thoroughly examined. The studies indicate that slight structural changes of ligands can modify the hole and electron transporting capabilities, and alter the horizontal emitting dipole ratios of aggregates in amorphous film, the latter of which are sensitive to the thin‐film deposition conditions including the deposition rate and the choice of the templating layer. An optimized OLED device using Pd3O8‐Py5 aggregates exhibits a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 37.3% and a reduced efficiency roll‐off with high EQEs of 36.0% and 32.5% at 1000 and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively. Moreover, such an efficient device demonstrates a long measured LT95 (time to 95% of the initial luminance) lifetime of over 500 h with an initial brightness of 17 304 cd m−2 corresponding to an estimated LT95 lifetime of 48 246 h at 1000 cd m−2.
A tetradentate Pd(II) complex, i.e., Pd3O8‐Py5, exhibiting efficient aggregate emission is developed through judicious ligand design. The optimized organic light‐emitting diode device using Pd3O8‐Py5 aggregates exhibits a peak EQEair of 37.3% and a peak EQEair+sub of 67.4% with reduced efficiency roll‐off, and a long measured LT95 lifetime (time to 95% of the initial luminance) of over 500 h with an initial brightness of 17 304 cd m−2.
Cross-species transmission of viruses from wildlife animal reservoirs poses a marked threat to human and animal health
. Bats have been recognized as one of the most important reservoirs for emerging ...viruses and the transmission of a coronavirus that originated in bats to humans via intermediate hosts was responsible for the high-impact emerging zoonosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
. Here we provide virological, epidemiological, evolutionary and experimental evidence that a novel HKU2-related bat coronavirus, swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), is the aetiological agent that was responsible for a large-scale outbreak of fatal disease in pigs in China that has caused the death of 24,693 piglets across four farms. Notably, the outbreak began in Guangdong province in the vicinity of the origin of the SARS pandemic. Furthermore, we identified SADS-related CoVs with 96-98% sequence identity in 9.8% (58 out of 591) of anal swabs collected from bats in Guangdong province during 2013-2016, predominantly in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) that are known reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs. We found that there were striking similarities between the SADS and SARS outbreaks in geographical, temporal, ecological and aetiological settings. This study highlights the importance of identifying coronavirus diversity and distribution in bats to mitigate future outbreaks that could threaten livestock, public health and economic growth.
Highly efficient and stable palladium complexes that exhibit both phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence are developed. It is demonstrated that the emission from the two processes can be separately ...tuned through rational ligand modification. External quantum efficiencies over 20% are achieved and stable devices demonstrate an operational lifetime to 90% initial luminance estimated at over 20 000 h at 100 cd m−2.
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