The tunable growth of metal–organic materials has implications for engineering particles and surfaces for diverse applications. Specifically, controlling the self‐assembly of metal–phenolic networks ...(MPNs), an emerging class of metal–organic materials, is challenging, as previous studies suggest that growth often terminates through kinetic trapping. Herein, kinetic strategies were used to temporally and spatially control MPN growth by promoting self‐correction of the coordinating building blocks through oxidation‐mediated MPN assembly. The formation and growth mechanisms were investigated and used to engineer films with microporous structures and continuous gradients. Moreover, reactive oxygen species generated by ultrasonication expedite oxidation and result in faster (ca. 30 times) film growth than that achieved by other MPN assembly methods. This study expands our understanding of metal–phenolic chemistry towards engineering metal–phenolic materials for various applications.
Kinetic assembly is an efficient strategy for rapidly and continuously growing metal–phenolic network materials. Using reactive oxygen species, films were grown about 30 times faster than with existing technologies. Furthermore, the films display unique microstructures and continuous film gradients, which are desirable properties for applications in drug delivery and separations.
Microcirculation dysfunction and organ injury after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) result from a complex pathologic process consisting of multiple links, with metabolism impairment in the ischemia ...phase and oxidative stress in the reperfusion phase as initiators, and any treatment targeting a single link is insufficient to cope with this. Compound Chinese medicine (CCM) has been applied in clinics in China and some Asian nations for >2000years. Studies over the past decades revealed the protective and therapeutic effect of CCMs and major ingredients on I/R-induced microcirculatory dysfunction and tissue injury in the heart, brain, liver, intestine, and so on. CCM contains diverse bioactive components with potential for energy metabolism regulation; antioxidant effect; inhibiting inflammatory cytokines release; adhesion molecule expression in leukocyte, platelet, and vascular endothelial cells; and the protection of thrombosis, albumin leakage, and mast cell degranulation. This review covers the major works with respect to the effects and underlying mechanisms of CCM and its ingredients on microcirculatory dysfunction and organ injury after I/R, providing novel ideas for dealing with this threat.
The rapidly increasing availability of complete plastomes has revealed more structural complexity in this genome under different taxonomic levels than expected, and this complexity provides important ...evidence for understanding the evolutionary history of angiosperms. To explore the dynamic history of plastome structure across the subclass Alismatidae, we sampled and compared 38 complete plastomes, including 17 newly assembled, representing all 12 recognized families of Alismatidae.
We found that plastomes size, structure, repeat elements, and gene content were highly variable across the studied species. Phylogenomic relationships among families were reconstructed and six main patterns of variation in plastome structure were revealed. Among these, the inversion from rbcL to trnV-UAC (Type I) characterized a monophyletic lineage of six families, but independently occurred also in Caldesia grandis. Three independent ndh gene loss events were uncovered across the Alismatidae. In addition, we detected a positive correlation between the number of repeat elements and the size of plastomes and IR in Alismatidae.
In our study, ndh complex loss and repeat elements likely contributed to the size of plastomes in Alismatidae. Also, the ndh loss was more likely related to IR boundary changes than the adaptation of aquatic habits. Based on existing divergence time estimation, the Type I inversion may have occurred during the Cretaceous-Paleogene in response to the extreme paleoclimate changes. Overall, our findings will not only allow exploring the evolutionary history of Alismatidae plastome, but also provide an opportunity to test if similar environmental adaptations result in convergent restructuring in plastomes.
Immune cell infiltration and neuroinflammation are heavily associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCL2/CCR2) axis has been identified as ...a critical role player during the invasion of immune cells to lesions in many diseases. γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells, manage the course of inflammation response in various diseases; however, it remains unknown whether γδ T cells are recruited to injury site through CCL2/CCR2 signaling and exert the regulation effect on neuroinflammation after SCI.
Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), regularity index, cadence, max contact area, and motor-evoked potential testing (MEP) were measured to determine the neurological function recovery after spinal cord injury. Nissl staining was performed to identify the number of surviving motor neurons at lesion epicenter. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) also were employed to evaluate the expression of associated proteins and genes.
In this study, we demonstrated that TCRδ
mice present improved neurological recovery after SCI. γδ T cell recruitment to the SCI site was significantly reduced and motor functional improvement enhanced in CCL2
and CCR2
mouse strains. Furthermore, reconstitution of TCRδ
mice with γδ T cells extracted from CCR2
mice also showed similar results to CCL2 and CCR2 deficient mice.
In conclusion, γδ T cell recruitment to SCI site promotes inflammatory response and exacerbates neurological impairment. CCL2/CCR2 signaling is a vital recruitment mechanism of γδ T cells to the SCI site, and it may be taken as a novel therapeutic target for future SCI.
Functional coatings are of considerable interest because of their fundamental implications for interfacial assembly and promise for numerous applications. Universally adherent materials have recently ...emerged as versatile functional coatings; however, such coatings are generally limited to catechol, (ortho‐diphenol)‐containing molecules, as building blocks. Here, we report a facile, biofriendly enzyme‐mediated strategy for assembling a wide range of molecules (e.g., 14 representative molecules in this study) that do not natively have catechol moieties, including small molecules, peptides, and proteins, on various surfaces, while preserving the molecule's inherent function, such as catalysis (≈80 % retention of enzymatic activity for trypsin). Assembly is achieved by in situ conversion of monophenols into catechols via tyrosinase, where films form on surfaces via covalent and coordination cross‐linking. The resulting coatings are robust, functional (e.g., in protective coatings, biological imaging, and enzymatic catalysis), and versatile for diverse secondary surface‐confined reactions (e.g., biomineralization, metal ion chelation, and N‐hydroxysuccinimide conjugation).
The toolbox of metal–phenolic networks is expanded by enzyme‐mediated assembly, where a range of monophenols are converted into catechol‐containing molecules and cross‐linked by metal ions. This strategy preserves functionality of the monophenol precursors, while conferring benefits of catechol‐containing molecules (e.g., universal adhesion) to the networks.
The evolutionary outcomes of high elevation adaptation have been extensively described. However, whether widely distributed high elevation endemic animals adopt uniform mechanisms during adaptation ...to different elevational environments remains unknown, especially with respect to extreme high elevation environments. To explore this, we analysed the phenotypic and genomic data of seven populations of plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) along elevations ranging from 2,700 to 4,300 m. Based on whole‐genome sequencing data and demographic reconstruction of the evolutionary history, we show that two populations of plateau zokor living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m diverged from other populations nearly 10,000 years ago. Further, phenotypic comparisons reveal stress‐dependent adaptation, as two populations living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m have elevated ratios of heart mass to body mass relative to other populations, and the highest population (4,300 m) displays alterations in erythrocytes. Correspondingly, genomic analysis of selective sweeps indicates that positive selection might contribute to the observed phenotypic alterations in these two extremely high elevation populations, with the adaptive cardiovascular phenotypes of both populations possibly evolving under the functional constrains of their common ancestral population. Taken together, phenotypic and genomic evidence demonstrates that heterogeneous stressors impact adaptations to extreme elevations and reveals stress‐dependent and genetically constrained adaptation to hypoxia, collectively providing new insights into the high elevation adaptation.
In high-energy physics, the Higgs field couples to gauge bosons and fermions and gives mass to their elementary excitations. Experimentally, such couplings can be inferred from the decay product of ...the Higgs boson, i.e., the scalar (amplitude) excitation of the Higgs field. In superconductors, Cooper pairs bear a close analogy to the Higgs field. Interaction between the Cooper pairs and other degrees of freedom provides dissipation channels for the amplitude mode, which may reveal important information about the microscopic pairing mechanism. To this end, we investigate the Higgs (amplitude) mode of several cuprate thin films using phase-resolved terahertz third harmonic generation (THG). In addition to the heavily damped Higgs mode itself, we observe a universal jump in the phase of the driven Higgs oscillation as well as a non-vanishing THG above T
. These findings indicate coupling of the Higgs mode to other collective modes and potentially a nonzero pairing amplitude above T
.
To make more effective use of photovoltaic waste heat, a novel photovoltaic-hydrophilic modified tubular seawater desalination system was proposed in this paper. Based on the first and second laws of ...thermodynamics, energy analysis and exergy analysis models of the system were established. The influences of operation and structure parameters on system performance, heat and exergy losses of each component and performance comparisons among different solar tubular seawater desalination systems were analyzed and discussed. The results manifest that freshwater yield rate, thermal efficiency, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency are enhanced by raising the mass flow rate of working medium and heating pipe length; particularly when the length is small, the increase of heating pipe length can significantly elevate system performance. Moreover, 69.2% of the whole system's heat losses and 90.6% of the whole system's total exergy losses are attributed to the PV module. Compared with other solar tubular seawater desalination systems, the photovoltaic-hydrophilic modified tubular seawater desalination system proposed in this paper has the highest average energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, which are 32.6%, 10.4% respectively. Meanwhile, the photovoltaic thermal collector can provide up to 49.1 W of electricity to maintain the operation of system without consuming extra energy.
•Proposing a photovoltaic-hydrophilic modified tubular seawater desalination system•Analyzing the effects of structure and operation parameters on system performance•Determining the heat and exergy losses of each component•Comparing performance of different solar tubular seawater desalination systems
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