A planar millimeter-wave 2-D beam-scanning multibeam array antenna fed by compact 16-way beam-forming network (BFN) in multilayered substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is addressed. The ...BFN is formed by connecting two stacks of sub-BFNs, the E-plane sub-BFN and the H-plane sub-BFN. The H-plane sub-BFN is realized by a traditional H-plane <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">4 \times 4 </tex-math></inline-formula> Butler matrix (BM). The key point of this design is to propose an E-plane <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">4 \times 4 </tex-math></inline-formula> BM which realizes a planar E-plane sub-BFN. These two sets of sub-BFNs can joint directly without resorting to any connectors or connecting networks to form such a compact 16-way BFN with a reduced area of merely <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">3\lambda \times 12\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula>. After that, to be compatible with the proposed BFN, a ladder-type <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">4 \times 4 </tex-math></inline-formula> slot antenna array is employed, which is comprised of four linear <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">1 \times 4 </tex-math></inline-formula> slot antenna arrays. Different from traditional array, the four subarrays are distributed in separate layers for the purpose of jointing to the BFN more conveniently. Transition network are also required to connect the BFN with the antenna array. Finally, a compact 2-D scanning multibeam array antenna based on the planar SIW BFN are fabricated and measured, which would be an attractive candidate for 5G application.
In the milling process of metallic parts, appropriate tool conditions are essential to reducing processing faults and ensuring manufacturing quality. However, the existing condition monitoring ...methods are usually limited by recognizing intermediate abnormal states during milling processing, which is inefficient and impractical for real practical applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a tool condition monitoring (TCM) method in the milling process based on multisource pattern recognition and state transfer paths. First, the improved K-means clustering method is used to generate multiple patterns of tool wear. Second, a multisource pattern recognition model framework is developed, and multiple observation windows and the pattern transfer path are considered in the multisource pattern recognition model. Finally, PHM2010 datasets are used to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, and the results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in practice for tool condition monitoring.
In this letter, 5 nm-thick HZO ultra-thin ferroelectric capacitors with excellent remanent polarization (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{P}_{\mathrm {r}} ...</tex-math></inline-formula>) and reliability are presented. The TiN/HZO/TiN metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) capacitor stack was deposited consecutively in the same atomic layer deposition (ALD) system without breaking the vacuum (i.e. " in-situ " like) to improve the interface quality between TiN electrodes and HZO ferroelectric layer. The samples show high <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{P}_{\mathrm {r}} </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">20.5~\mu \text{C} </tex-math></inline-formula>/cm 2 (i.e. 2P<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\mathrm {r}}= 41\,\,\mu \text{C} </tex-math></inline-formula>/cm 2 ) under driving voltage of 3 V with low coercive voltage of approximately 0.6 V. The robustness of the MFM capacitor was presented by the outstanding endurance characteristics for keeping 2P<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\mathrm {r}} </tex-math></inline-formula> value higher than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">20~\mu \text{C} </tex-math></inline-formula>/cm 2 after 10 10 cycles at a high electric field of 5 MV/cm without breakdown, though the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{P}_{\mathrm {r}} </tex-math></inline-formula> values gradually degrade with cycles at low field (i.e. 2.4 MV/cm). The highly robust endurance characteristics of the 5nm-thick HZO MFM capacitor indicate the good interface quality achieved in this study.
In this article, enhancement-mode thin-film transistors (TFTs) with atomic layer deposition (ALD)-derived ultrathin (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\approx</tex-math> </inline-formula>3 ...nm) amorphous indium-zinc oxide (a-IZO) channel were demonstrated. Our devices showed improved device characteristics as benchmarked with thicker IZO thin-film channels. The ALD-deposited IZO channel TFT with an In/Zn ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\approx</tex-math> </inline-formula>6:4 exhibited a high field-effect channel mobility (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu_{\text{FE}}\text{)}</tex-math> </inline-formula> of 53.6 cm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>/V-s, a threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\textit{V}_{\text{th}}\text{)}</tex-math> </inline-formula> of 0.28 V, a low subthreshold gate swing of 74 mV/decade, an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">I_{\biosc{on}}/I_{\biosc{off}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">></tex-math> </inline-formula>10<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{9}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>, and a contact resistance of 0.18 k<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Omega </tex-math> </inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu </tex-math> </inline-formula>m after 300 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{^{\circ}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>C anneal in oxygen atmosphere. Physical analysis, including X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectra of IZO films, was conducted to understand the mechanisms of enhancement in electrical performance after annealing. The threshold voltages of the TFT also exhibited high stability (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Delta\textit{V}_{\text{th, PBS}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX"><</tex-math> </inline-formula> 16 mV and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Delta\textit{V}_{\text{th, NBS}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX"><</tex-math> </inline-formula> 12 mV) after positive bias stress (PBS) and negative bias stress (NBS) test for 3600 s. To the best of our knowledge, we reported the TFT with thinnest IZO ternary oxide semiconductor (OS) channel exhibiting superior channel mobility and subthreshold characteristics.
S-Detect is a computer-assisted, artificial intelligence-based system of image analysis that has been integrated into the software of ultrasound (US) equipment and has the capacity to independently ...differentiate between benign and malignant focal breast lesions. Since the revision and upgrade in both the breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) US lexicon and the S-Detect software in 2013, evidence that supports improved accuracy and specificity of radiologists' assessment of breast lesions has accumulated. However, such assessment using S-Detect technology to distinguish malignant from breast lesions with a diameter no greater than 2 cm requires further investigation.
The US images of focal breast lesions from 295 patients in our hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were collected. The BI-RADS data were evaluated by the embedded program and as manually modified prior to the determination of a pathological diagnosis. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to compare the diagnostic accuracy between the assessments of the conventional US images, the S-Detect classification, and the combination of the two.
There were 326 lesions identified in 295 patients, of which pathological confirmation demonstrated that 239 were benign and 87 were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the conventional imaging group were 75.86%, 93.31%, and 88.65%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the S-Detect classification group were 87.36%, 88.28%, and 88.04%, respectively. The assessment of the amended combination of S-Detect with US image analysis (Co-Detect group) was improved with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 90.80%, 94.56%, and 93.56%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the conventional US group, the S-Detect group, and the Co-Detect group using area under curves was 0.85, 0.88 and 0.93, respectively. The Co-Detect group had a better diagnostic efficiency compared with the conventional US group (
= 3.882,
= 0.0001) and the S-Detect group (
= 3.861,
= 0.0001). There was no significant difference in distinguishing benign from malignant small breast lesions when comparing conventional US and S-Detect techniques.
The addition of S-Detect technology to conventional US imaging provided a novel and feasible method to differentiate benign from malignant small breast nodules.
Aiming at the impact of heat generation and temperature rise on the driving performance of a permanent magnet (PM) motor, taking the PM in-wheel motor (IWM) for electric vehicles as an object, ...research is conducted into the temperature distribution of the electromagnetic–thermal effect and cooling structure optimization. Firstly, the electromagnetic–thermal coupling model considering electromagnetic harmonics is established using the subdomain model and Bertotti’s iron loss separation theory. Combined with the finite element (FE) simulation model established by Ansoft Maxwell software platform, the winding copper loss, stator core loss and PM eddy current loss under the action of complex magnetic flux are analyzed, and the transient temperature distribution of each component is obtained through coupling. Secondarily, the influence of the waterway structure parameters on the heat dissipation effect of the PM-IWM is analyzed by the thermal-fluid coupled relationship. On the basis, the optimization design of waterway structure parameters is carried out to improve the heat dissipation effect of the cooling system based on the proposed chaotic mapping ant colony algorithm with metropolis criterion. The comparison before and after optimization shows that the temperature of key components is significantly improved, the average convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) is increased by 23.57%, the peak temperature of stator is reduced from 95.47 °C to 82.73 °C, and the peak temperature of PM is decreased by 14.26%, thus the demagnetization risk in the PM is improved comprehensively. The research results can provide some theoretical and technical support for the structural optimization of water-cooled dissipation in the PM motor.
Normally-off ferroelectric charge trap gate stack GaN high electron mobility transistor (FEG-HEMT) was fabricated with atomic layer etching (ALE) to precisely control the device parameters including ...<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {V}_{\text {th}} </tex-math></inline-formula> of the device. The ALE process consists of cyclic Cl2 adsorption modification steps and the Ar ion removal steps. The ALE process achieved etch-per-cycle (EPC) of 0.347 nm/cycle and superior etching morphology with RMS <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">=0.281 </tex-math></inline-formula> nm. The fabricated GaN HEMT using the ALE process exhibited a high threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {V}_{\text {th}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 5.06 V, high maximum drain current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {I}_{\text {D,MAX}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 772 mA/mm with low on-resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {R}_{\text {on}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">8.57~\Omega \cdot \text {mm} </tex-math></inline-formula> and high breakdown voltage (BV) of 888 V, the device also showed good <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {V}_{\text {th}} </tex-math></inline-formula> uniformity. Finally, the contact resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {R}_{\text {c}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) was reduced from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.46~\Omega \cdot \text {mm} </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.15~\Omega \cdot \text {mm} </tex-math></inline-formula> by the ALE process, and the dynamic on-resistance (dyn-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {R}_{\text {on}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) was improved at the same time.
In the aerospace manufacturing field, tool conditions are essential to ensure the production quality for aerospace parts and reduce processing failures. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to ...develop a suitable tool condition monitoring method. Thus, we propose a tool wear process state monitoring method for aerospace manufacturing processes based on convolutional neural networks to recognize intermediate abnormal states in multi-stage processes. There are two innovations and advantages of the proposed approach: one is that the criteria for judging abnormal conditions are extended, which is more useful for practical application. The other is that the proposed approach solved the influence of feature-to-recognition stability. Firstly, the tool wear level was divided into different state modes according to the probability density interval based on the kernel density estimation (KDE), and the corresponding state modes were connected to obtain the point-to-point control limit. Then, the state recognition model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed, and the sensitivity of the monitoring window was considered in the model. Finally, open-source datasets were used to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, and the results demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method in practice for tool condition monitoring.
Intraoperative balloon dilatation of 1.5 to 4.5 mm (Boston Scientific, USA) was used respectively to dilate the valves gradually Supplementary Figure 1A, http://links.lww.com/CM9/A57. Gómez Montes et ...al2 put forward to evaluate single ventricle results by using a scoring system that comprehensively combines three morphologic indices and one functional index of echocardiography of fetuses during mid-term pregnancy. 3 Considering the advantages of less trauma, higher safety and faster recovery in PBPV, it has become the preferred method for patients with central pain syndrome. Because of right ventricular hypoplasia and poor adaptability, normal volume load of right ventricle could not be performed immediately after PBPV.
Glomus tumors (GTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplastic lesions derived from cells of the glomus body. GTs rarely occurs in the visceral organs, where there may be few or no glomus bodies, and the ...majority of GTs are benign, rarely demonstrating aggressive or malignant behavior and histological features.
We report a patient with malignant GTs of the intestinal ileum with multiorgan metastases who was admitted due to moderate anemia. Capsule endoscopy revealed a bleeding mass in the intestinal ileum, and the patient underwent segmental ileal resection through laparoscopic surgery. The histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnoses were consistent with malignant GT. Long-term follow-up showed that the GT had metastasized to multiple organs such as the colon, brain, and possibly the lung.
This case was characterized by the highest degree of malignancy and by multiorgan metastases, and it was the first case of intestinal GT uncovered by capsule endoscopy.
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