We prepared a novel adsorbent functionalized by bagasse magnetic biochar (BMBC). To study the removal behaviors and mechanisms of Cr(VI) by BMBC, batch adsorption experiments were conducted by ...modifying variables, such as pH, adsorption time, BMBC dosages, initial Cr concentration, co-existing ions, and ionic strength, and characterizing BMBC before and after Cr(VI) adsorption. BMBC was primarily composed of Fe
O
and Fe
O
on bagasse boichar with an amorphous structure. The specific surface area of BMBC was 81.94 m
g
, and the pH
of BMBC was 6.2. The fabricated BMBC showed high adsorption performance of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution. The maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of BMBC was 29.08 mg g
at 25 ºC, which was much higher than that of conventional biochar sorbents. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and could be explained by the involvement of the Langmuir isotherm in monolayer adsorption. The crystalline structure of Fe
O
in the BMBC changed slightly during the adsorption process; Fe
O
improved the adsorption of Cr(VI) on BMB. The desorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 8.21 mg g
when 0.2 mol L
NaOH was used as the desorption solution. After being reused three times, the removal efficiency is still as high as 80.36%.
In this study, the Fe-Mn oxide/mulberry stem biochar composite adsorbent (FM-MBC) was prepared and fully characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, BET, and XPS. The solution pH (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0), initial ...concentration of phosphorus (10, 20, and 30 mg L
), adsorbent bed height (2, 3, and 4 cm), and solution flow rate (1, 2, and 3 mL min
) were investigated to analyze the breakthrough curves. The results showed that the breakthrough time was shortened as the initial phosphorus concentration, the flow rate increased and the bed height decreased. Higher initial phosphorus concentrations, flow rates, and lower bed heights, led to a faster breakthrough of phosphate ions in the FM-MBC adsorbent. Additionally, it was observed that increasing the pH value was not conducive to the adsorption of phosphorus by the FM-MBC adsorbent. Dynamic adsorption data were fitted to four models (Yoon-Nelson, Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Bed Depth Service Time), and the R
values of the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models exhibited minimal variation, suggesting that the dynamic adsorption process of FM-MBC was rather intricate. The saturated fixed-bed column (including FM-MBC) was regenerated with NaOH or HCl, and it was found that a 0.1 mol L
NaOH solution had the best regeneration effect. XRD analysis showed that the reaction product between the FM-MBC composite and phosphate anions was Fe
(PO
)
·H
O. Moreover, the experimental results that FM-MBC can successfully be used to remove phosphorus from actual wastewater.
Given that the problem of contaminated soil continues to grow, the development of effective control and remediation measures has become imperative, especially for heavy-metal-contaminated soil. ...Biochar and modified biochar are eco-friendly and cost-effective remediation materials that are widely used in the remediation of contaminated soil. This review provides an overview of the different raw materials used in the preparation of biochar as well as the modification of biochar using various synthesis methods, highlighting their differences and providing recommendations for biochar and modified biochar as applied toward ameliorating pollution in soil contaminated by heavy metals. We also explore the effects of the physicochemical properties of raw materials, pyrolysis temperature, additives, and modification methods on the properties of the resulting biochar and modified biochar, and systematically present the types of soil and operating factors for repair. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by biochar and modified biochar are outlined in detail, and include adsorption, complexation, precipitation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attractions. Finally, the corresponding monitoring technologies after remediation are illustrated. Future directions for studies on biochar and modified biochar in the remediation of contaminated soil are also proposed to support the development of green environmental protection materials, simple preparation methods, and effective follow-up monitoring techniques.
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) pose challenges to bioanalysis because of their inherently intricate structures and potential for very complex catabolism. Common bioanalysis strategy is to measure ...the concentration of ADCs and Total Antibody (Ab) as well as deconjugated warhead in circulation. The ADCs and the Total Ab can be quantified with ligand binding assays (LBA) or with hybrid immunocapture–liquid chromatography coupled with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LBA-LC-MRM). With the LBA-LC-MRM approach, a surrogate analyte, often the signature peptide, and released warhead can be used for the quantification of the Total Ab and ADCs, respectively. Recent advances in analytical instrumentation, especially the development of high resolution mass spectrometers (HRMS), have enabled characterization and quantification of intact macromolecules such as ADCs. The LBA-LC-HRMS approach employs immunocapture, followed by chromatographic separation at the macromolecule level and detection of the intact analyte. We developed an intact quantification method with 1–10 μg/mL linear dynamic range using 25 μL of plasma sample volume. This method was qualified for the measurement of naked monoclonal antibody (mAb), a site-specific cysteine-conjugated ADC with drug to antibody ratio ∼2 (DAR2) and a site-nonspecific cysteine-conjugated ADC (DAR8) in rat plasma. Samples from a rat pharmacokinetic (PK) study were analyzed with both methods. For the naked mAb, the results from both assays matched well. For ADCs, new species were observed from the LBA-HRMS method. The results demonstrated that potential biotransformation of the ADC was unveiled using the intact quantification approach while not being observed with traditional LBA-LC-MRM approach. Our work demonstrated an application of novel intact quantification by supporting animal PK studies. Moreover, our results suggest that the intact quantification method can provide novel perspectives on ADC in vivo characterization and quantification, which can benefit future drug candidate optimization as well as the immunogenicity impact evaluation and safety assessment.
In the human body, the intestine is the largest digestive and immune organ, where nutrients are digested and absorbed, and this organ plays a key role in host immunity. In recent years, intestinal ...health issues have gained attention and many studies have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation, intestinal barrier damage, and an imbalance of intestinal microbiota may cause a range of intestinal diseases, as well as other problems. Brown algae polysaccharides, mainly including alginate, fucoidan, and laminaran, are food-derived natural products that have received wide attention from scholars owing to their good biological activity and low toxic side effects. It has been found that brown algae polysaccharides can repair intestinal physical, chemical, immune and biological barrier damage. Principally, this review describes the protective effects and mechanisms of brown algae-derived polysaccharides on intestinal health, as indicated by the ability of polysaccharides to maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inhibit lipid peroxidation-associated damage, and suppress inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, our review aims to provide new ideas on the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and act as a reference for the development of fucoidan as a functional product for intestinal protection.
The remediation of water contaminated with bisphenol A (BPA) has gained significant attention. In this study, a hydrothermal composite activator of Cu
Mn-LDH containing coexisting phases of cupric ...nitrate (Cu(NO
)
) and manganous nitrate (Mn(NO
)
) was synthesized. Advanced oxidation processes were employed as an effective approach for BPA degradation, utilizing Cu
Mn-LDH as the catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The synthesis of the Cu
Mn-LDH material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the characterization data and screening experiments, Cu
Mn-LDH was selected as the best experimental material. Cu
Mn-LDH exhibits remarkable catalytic ability with PMS, demonstrating good degradation efficiency of BPA under neutral and alkaline conditions. With a PMS dosage of 0.25 g·L
and Cu
Mn-LDH dosage of 0.10 g·L
, 10 mg·L
BPA (approximately 17.5 μM) can be completely degraded within 40 min, of which the TOC removal reached 95%. The reactive oxygen species present in the reaction system were analyzed by quenching experiments and EPR. Results showed that sulfate free radicals (SO
), hydroxyl free radicals (•OH), superoxide free radicals (•O
), and nonfree radical mono-oxygen were generated, while mono-oxygen played a key role in degrading BPA. Cu
Mn-LDH exhibits excellent reproducibility, as it can still completely degrade BPA even after four consecutive cycles. The degradation intermediates of BPA were detected by GCMS, and the possible degradation pathways were reasonably predicted. This experiment proposes a nonradical degradation mechanism for BPA and analyzes the degradation pathways. It provides a new perspective for the treatment of organic pollutants in water.
Novel therapies are needed to overcome chemotherapy resistance for children with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moxetumomab pasudotox is a recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin. ...A multicenter phase 1 study was conducted to determine the maximum-tolerated cumulative dose (MTCD) and evaluate safety, activity, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of moxetumomab pasudotox in children, adolescents, and young adults with ALL (N = 55). Moxetumomab pasudotox was administered as a 30-minute IV infusion at doses of 5 to 50 µg/kg every other day for 6 (cohorts A and B) or 10 (cohort C) doses in 21-day cycles. Cohorts B and C received dexamethasone prophylaxis against capillary leak syndrome (CLS). The most common treatment-related adverse events were reversible weight gain, hepatic transaminase elevation, and hypoalbuminemia. Dose-limiting CLS occurred in 2 of 4 patients receiving 30 µg/kg of moxetumomab pasudotox every other day for 6 doses. Incorporation of dexamethasone prevented further dose-limiting CLS. Six of 14 patients receiving 50 µg/kg of moxetumomab pasudotox for 10 doses developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), or HUS-like events, exceeding the MTCD. Treatment expansion at 40 µg/kg for 10 doses (n = 11) exceeded the MTCD because of 2 HUS/TMA/HUS-like events. Dose level 6B (ie, 50 µg/kg × 6 doses) was the MTCD, selected as the recommended phase 2 dose. Among 47 evaluable patients, an objective response rate of 32% was observed, including 11 (23%) composite complete responses, 5 of which were minimal residual disease negative by flow cytometry. Moxetumomab pasudotox showed a manageable safety profile and evidence of activity in relapsed or refractory childhood ALL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00659425.
•A phase 1 trial of the anti-CD22 immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox was conducted in children with ALL.•A 32% objective response rate was observed, including 11 composite complete responses (23%), 5 of which were minimal residual disease negative.
Quantification of endogenous biomarkers in clinical studies requires careful evaluation of a number of assay performance parameters. Comparisons of absolute values from several clinical studies can ...enable retrospective analyses further elucidating the biology of a given biomarker across various study populations. We characterized the performance of a highly multiplex bioanalytical method for quantification of phosphatidylinositols (PI). Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were employed for targeted multiplex quantification. Odd-chain PI species that are not normally present in human plasma were utilized as surrogate analytes (SA) to assess various assay performance parameters and establish a definitive dynamic linear range for PI lipids. To correct for batch effects, Systematic Error Removal using Random Forest (SERRF) normalization algorithm was employed and used to bridge raw values between two clinical studies, enabling quantitative comparison of their absolute values. A high throughput method was developed, qualified, transferred to an automation platform and applied to sample testing in two clinical trials in healthy volunteers (NCT03001297) and stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD, NCT03351738) subjects. The method demonstrated acceptable precision and accuracy (±30%) over linear range of 1-1000 nM for SA and 8-fold dilutional linearity for endogenous PI. We determined that mean-adjusted average QC performed best for normalization using SERRF. The comparison of two studies revealed that healthy subject levels of PI are consistently higher across PI species compared to CAD subjects identifying a potential lipid biomarker to be explored in future studies.
Noroviruses (NoVs) are major foodborne pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. Oysters are significant carriers of this pathogen, and disease transmission from the consumption of NoVs-infected ...oysters occurs worldwide. The review discusses the mechanism of NoVs bioaccumulation in oysters, particularly the binding of histo-blood group antigen-like (HBGA-like) molecules to NoVs in oysters. The review explores the factors that influence NoVs bioaccumulation in oysters, including temperature, precipitation and water contamination. The review also discusses the detection methods of NoVs in live oysters and analyzes the inactivation effects of high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation treatment and plasma treatment on NoVs. These non-thermal processing treatments can remove NoVs efficiently while retaining the original flavor of oysters. However, further research is needed to reduce the cost of these technologies to achieve large-scale commercial applications. The review aims to provide novel insights to reduce the bioaccumulation of NoVs in oysters and serve as a reference for the development of new, rapid and effective methods for detecting and inactivating NoVs in live oysters.
A combined anaerobic–anoxic–oxic moving bed biofilm reactor (A2O-MBBR) constructed wetlands process was used to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) simulated sewage. The results showed that the ...removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) by this process were 94.06%, 94.40%, 67.11%, and 84.57%, respectively, and the concentrations of COD, NH4+-N, TN, and TP in the effluent were lower than the Class I-A standard of GB18918-2002. In the anoxic zone, NH4+-N had an inhibitory effect on phosphorus uptake via phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs). The highest community diversity was observed in the anoxic zone sludge at 24 d. During the water-quality-shock loads stage, microbial community diversity decreased in a combined A2O-MBBR constructed wetlands reactor. At the phylum level, bacteria within the mature activated sludge were dominated by Proteobacteria, while Planctomycetes bacteria were the dominant species in the constructed wetlands. At the genus level, Tolumonas spp. were the dominant species in the 12 d and 24 d constructed wetlands and the anaerobic zone, with relative abundance percentages ranging from 20.24 to 33.91%. In the water-quality-shock loads stage, they were replaced by denitrifying bacteria such as Herbaspirillum spp. Unclassified_Burkholderiales was the dominant species in the constructed wetlands, with a relative abundance of 33.09%.
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