Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have been proven to be a promising solution to environmental pollution and fuel savings. The benefit of the solution is generally realized as the amount of fuel ...consumption saved, which by itself represents a challenge to develop the right energy management strategies (EMSs) for HEVs. Moreover, meeting the design requirements are essential for optimal power distribution at the price of conflicting objectives. To this end, a significant number of EMSs have been proposed in the literature, which require a categorization method to better classify the design and control contributions, with an emphasis on fuel economy, providing power demand, and real-time applicability. The presented review targets two main headlines: (a) offline EMSs wherein global optimization-based EMSs and rule-based EMSs are presented; and (b) online EMSs, under which instantaneous optimization-based EMSs, predictive EMSs, and learning-based EMSs are put forward. Numerous methods are introduced, given the main focus on the presented scheme, and the basic principle of each approach is elaborated and compared along with its advantages and disadvantages in all aspects. In this sequel, a comprehensive literature review is provided. Finally, research gaps requiring more attention are identified and future important trends are discussed from different perspectives. The main contributions of this work are twofold. Firstly, state-of-the-art methods are introduced under a unified framework for the first time, with an extensive overview of existing EMSs for HEVs. Secondly, this paper aims to guide researchers and scholars to better choose the right EMS method to fill in the gaps for the development of future-generation HEVs.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a promising technology to convert syngas derived from non-petroleum-based resources to valuable chemicals or fuels. Selectively producing target products will bring ...great economic benefits, but unfortunately it is theoretically limited by Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) law. Herein, we synthesize size-uniformed cobalt nanocrystals embedded into mesoporous SiO
supports, which is likely the structure of water-melon seeds inside pulps. We successfully tune the selectivity of products from diesel-range hydrocarbons (66.2%) to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (62.4%) by controlling the crystallite sizes of confined cobalt from 7.2 to 11.4 nm, and modify the ASF law. Generally, larger Co crystallites increase carbon-chain growth, producing heavier hydrocarbons. But here, we interestingly observe a reverse phenomenon: the uniformly small-sized cobalt crystallites can strongly adsorb active C* species, and the confined structure will inhibit aggregation of cobalt crystallites and escape of reaction intermediates in FTS, inducing the higher selectivity towards heavier hydrocarbons.
Twin-thickness-controlled plastic deformation mechanisms are well understood for submicron-sized twin-structural polycrystalline metals. However, for twin-structural nanocrystalline metals where both ...the grain size and twin thickness reach the nanometre scale, how these metals accommodate plastic deformation remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated grain size and twin thickness effect on the deformation mode of twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Above a ∼10 nm grain size, there is a critical value of twin thickness at which the full dislocation intersecting with the twin plane switches to a deformation mode that results in a partial dislocation parallel to the twin planes. This critical twin thickness value varies from ∼6 to 10 nm and is grain size-dependent. For grain sizes between ∼10 to 6 nm, only partial dislocation parallel to twin planes is observed. When the grain size falls below 6 nm, the plasticity switches to grain boundary-mediated plasticity, in contrast with previous studies, suggesting that the plasticity in twin-structural nanocrystalline metals is governed by partial dislocation activities.
Coupling nanomaterials with biomolecular recognition events represents a new direction in nanotechnology toward the development of novel molecular diagnostic tools. Here a graphene oxide (GO)‐based ...multicolor fluorescent DNA nanoprobe that allows rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of DNA targets in homogeneous solution by exploiting interactions between GO and DNA molecules is reported. Because of the extraordinarily high quenching efficiency of GO, the fluorescent ssDNA probe exhibits minimal background fluorescence, while strong emission is observed when it forms a double helix with the specific targets, leading to a high signal‐to‐background ratio. Importantly, the large planar surface of GO allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, leading to a multicolor sensor for the detection of multiple DNA targets in the same solution. It is also demonstrated that this GO‐based sensing platform is suitable for the detection of a range of analytes when complemented with the use of functional DNA structures.
A graphene oxide (GO)‐based multicolor fluorescent DNA nanoprobe is reported; it allows rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of DNA targets in homogeneous solution based on interactions between GO and DNA molecules. The large planar surface of GO allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, leading to a multicolor DNA sensor.
Mechanistic understanding of the endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles is essential for designing smart theranostic carriers. Physico-chemical properties, including size, ...clustering and surface chemistry of nanoparticles regulate their cellular uptake and transport. Significantly, even single nanoparticles could cluster intracellularly, yet their clustering state and subsequent trafficking are not well understood. Here, we used DNA-decorated gold (fPlas-gold) nanoparticles as a dually emissive fluorescent and plasmonic probe to examine their clustering states and intracellular transport. Evidence from correlative fluorescence and plasmonic imaging shows that endocytosis of fPlas-gold follows multiple pathways. In the early stages of endocytosis, fPlas-gold nanoparticles appear mostly as single particles and they cluster during the vesicular transport and maturation. The speed of encapsulated fPlas-gold transport was critically dependent on the size of clusters but not on the types of organelle such as endosomes and lysosomes. Our results provide key strategies for engineering theranostic nanocarriers for efficient health management.
Protein-protein interactions are spatially regulated in living cells to realize high reaction efficiency, as seen in naturally existing electron-transfer chains. Nevertheless, arrangement of ...chemical/biochemical components at the artificial device interfaces does not possess the same level of control. Here we report a tetrahedral DNA framework-enabled bulk enzyme heterojunction (BEH) strategy to program the multi-enzyme catalytic cascade at the interface of electrochemical biosensors. The construction of interpenetrating network of BEH at the millimeter-scale electrode interface brings enzyme pairs within the critical coupling length (CCL) of ~10 nm, which in turn greatly improve the overall catalytic cascade efficiency by ~10-fold. We demonstrate the BEH generality with a range of enzyme pairs for electrochemically detecting clinically relevant molecular targets. As a proof of concept, a BEH-based sarcosine sensor enables single-step detection of the metabolic biomarker of sarcosine with ultrasensitivity, which hold the potential for precision diagnosis of early-stage prostate cancer.
Clarifying gene expression in narrowly defined neuronal populations can provide insight into cellular identity, computation, and functionality. Here, we used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) ...to produce a quantitative, whole genome characterization of gene expression for the major excitatory neuronal classes of the hippocampus; namely, granule cells and mossy cells of the dentate gyrus, and pyramidal cells of areas CA3, CA2, and CA1. Moreover, for the canonical cell classes of the trisynaptic loop, we profiled transcriptomes at both dorsal and ventral poles, producing a cell-class- and region-specific transcriptional description for these populations. This dataset clarifies the transcriptional properties and identities of lesser-known cell classes, and moreover reveals unexpected variation in the trisynaptic loop across the dorsal-ventral axis. We have created a public resource, Hipposeq (http://hipposeq.janelia.org), which provides analysis and visualization of these data and will act as a roadmap relating molecules to cells, circuits, and computation in the hippocampus.
Biomacromolecular nanotubes play important physiological roles in transmembrane ion/molecule channeling, intracellular transport, and inter‐cellular communications. While genetically encoded protein ...nanotubes are prevalent in vivo, the in vitro construction of biomimetic DNA nanotubes has attracted intense interest with the rise of structural DNA nanotechnology. The abiotic use of DNA assembly provides a powerful bottom‐up approach for the rational construction of complex materials with arbitrary size and shape at the nanoscale. More specifically, a typical DNA nanotube can be assembled either with parallel‐aligned DNA duplexes or by closing DNA tile lattices. These artificial DNA nanotubes can be tailored and site‐specifically modified to realize biomimetic functions including ionic or molecular channeling, bioreactors, drug delivery, and biomolecular sensing. In this Minireview, we aim to summarize recent advances in design strategies, including the characterization and applications of biomimetic DNA nanotubes.
Programmable nanotubes: Genetically encoded protein nanotubes are prevalent in vivo and play important physiological roles. As a biomimetic approach, structural DNA nanotechnology allows the bottom‐up design of complicated structures at the nanometer scale, which can thus realize the complex design and application of DNA nanotubes.
Understanding the complex interplay among gasotransmitters is of great significance but remains technically challenging. In this study, we present the design and synthesis of a dually responsive ...BOD‐NH‐SC reporter for probing the dynamic and alternating existence of NO and H2S in living cells. This designed reporter can repeatedly cycle S‐nitrosation and transnitrosation reactions when successively treated with NO and H2S, thus affording the interchange of NIR fluorescence at 645 nm (NO) and NIR II fluorescence at 936 nm (H2S). In light of this unique fluorescence alternation between two colors, we synthesized water‐soluble BOD‐NH‐SC dots to visualize the intracellular dynamics of NO and H2S. These molecular probes thus provide a toolbox to elucidate the interplaying roles of NO and H2S in the complex interaction networks of various signal transduction pathways.
Activatable NIR II probe: A dual‐stimuli responsive probe was developed. This probe endowed the capability of reversibly switching the fluorescence from NIR II at 936 nm to NIR at 645 nm when successively treated with NO and H2S, enabling visualization of the dynamic and alternating existence of NO and H2S.
Analysis of peptide–receptor interactions provides insights for understanding functions of proteins in cells. In this work, we report the development of a fluorescent biosensor for the analysis of ...peptide–receptor interactions using graphene oxide (GO) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled octreotide (FOC). Octreotide is a synthesized cyclic peptide with somatostatin-like bioactivity that has been clinically employed. FOC exhibits high adsorption affinity for GO, and its binding results in efficient fluorescence quenching of FITC. Interestingly, the specific binding of the antibody anti-octreotide (AOC) with FOC competitively releases FOC from the GO surface, leading to the recovery of fluorescence. By using this GO-based fluorescent platform, we can detect AOC with a low detection limit of 2 ng/mL. As a step further, we employ this GO–FOC biosensor to image somatostatin receptor subtype 2 overexpressed AR42J tumor cells, which demonstrates high promise for molecular imaging in cancer diagnosis.
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