Pectin is a plant heteropolysaccharide that is biocompatible and biodegradable, enabling it to be an excellent reducing agent (green synthesis) for metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). Nevertheless, in the ...biological industry, pectin has been left behind in synthesising MNPs, for no known reason.
To systematically review the biological activities of pectin synthesised MNPs (Pe-MNPs).
The databases Springer Link, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley, and ResearchGate were systematically searched from the date of their inception until 10
th
February 2020. Pectin, green synthesis, metallic nanoparticles, reducing agent and biological activities were among the key terms searched. The data extraction was focussed on the biological activities of Pe-MNPs and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations for systematic reviews.
A total of 15 studies outlined 7 biological activities of Pe-MNPs in the only three metals that have been explored, namely silver (Ag), gold (Au) and cerium oxide (CeO
2
). The activities reported from the in vitro and in vivo studies were antimicrobial (9 studies), anticancer (2 studies), drug carrier (3 studies), non-toxic (4 studies), antioxidant (2 studies), wound healing (1 study) and anti-inflammation (1 study).
This systematic review demonstrates the current state of the art of Pe-MNPs biological activities, suggesting that Ag and Au have potent antibacterial and anticancer/chemotherapeutic drug carrier activity, respectively. Further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research is crucial for a better understanding of the pharmacological potential of pectin synthesised MNPs.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an embryonic and larval model to perform in vitro experiments and developmental toxicity studies. Zebrafish may be used to determine the toxicity of samples in ...early screening assays, often in a high-throughput manner. The zebrafish embryotoxicity model is at the leading edge of toxicology research due to the short time required for analyses, transparency of embryos, short life cycle, high fertility, and genetic data similarity. Zebrafish toxicity studies range from assessing the toxicity of bioactive compounds or crude extracts from plants to determining the optimal process. Most of the studied extracts were polar, such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions, which were used to detect the toxicity and bioactivity. This review examines the latest research using zebrafish as a study model and highlights its power as a tool for detecting toxicity of medicinal plants and its effectiveness at enhancing the understanding of new drug generation. The goal of this review was to develop a link to ethnopharmacological zebrafish studies that can be used by other researchers to conduct future research.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes candidiasis in humans. In recent years, metabolic pathways in C. albicans have been explored as potential antifungal targets to treat ...candidiasis. The glyoxylate cycle, which enables C. albicans to survive in nutrient-limited host niches and its. Key enzymes (e.g., isocitrate lyase (ICL1), are particularly attractive antifungal targets for C. albicans. In this study, we used a new screening approach that better reflects the physiological environment that C. albicans cells experience during infection to identify potential inhibitors of ICL. Three compounds (caffeic acid (CAFF), rosmarinic acid (ROS), and apigenin (API)) were found to have antifungal activity against C. albicans when tested under glucose-depleted conditions. We further confirmed the inhibitory potential of these compounds against ICL using the ICL enzyme assay. Lastly, we assessed the bioavailability and toxicity of these compounds using Lipinski's rule-of-five and ADMET analysis.
Traditional medical practitioners in Hawaii and Polynesia have used Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) for centuries to cure or prevent varieties of illnesses. The popularity of M. citrifolia as a dietary ...supplement, a food functional ingredient, or as a natural health enhancer is increasing throughout the world. M. citrifolia contains phytochemicals that own antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing effects. Moreover, the increasing vogue of M. citrifolia has attracted industries to employ it as a part of various products and for wide applications such as a natural source of medicines and chemical reagents as well as a green insecticidal. The wide spread of M. citrifolia in tropical climate of the globe, from USA to Brazil reaching to Tahiti, Malaysia and Australia, contributed in enriching its uses and potentials due to the variation in harvest locations. M. citrifolia parts including fruits, seeds, barks, leaves, and flowers are utilized on their own for individual nutritional and therapeutical values, however, the fruit is considered to contain the most valuable chemical compounds. This review discusses in details the industrial uses and the pharmacological activities of M. citrifolia fruit, seed, leaf and root, along with their isolated phytochemical compounds, through describing the conducted in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical data.
Background
Recent evidence suggests that some flavonoid compounds obtained from crude methanol extract of mistletoe leaves (
Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq), also known as Benalu Duku (BD), have ...antimicrobial effects. Thus, the plant has the potential to eliminate viruses that may cause outbreaks in chicken farms. This study aimed to prove the
in vitro ability of flavonoid compounds, namely quercetin-like compounds (QLCs), to eliminate field viruses, specifically the Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
Methods
This research was performed in two stages. An
in vitro test was used with a post-test of the control groups designed at a significance of 0.05. BD leaves (5 kg) were extracted using a maceration method with methanol and then separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. The final extracted products were separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain QLCs. The QLCs were identified and compared with quercetin using HPLC, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The activity of QLCs was tested
in vitro against the NDV at a virulence titter of 10
−5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture.
Results
Solutions of 0.05% (w/v) QLCs were discovered to have antiviral activity against NDVs, with an average cytopathogenic effect antigenicity at a 10
−5 dilution (p<0.05).
Conclusions
QLCs from flavonoids from the leaves of BD have
in vitro antiviral bioactivity against NDV at a virulence titter of 10-5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture. QLCs may have the potential to be developed as medicinal compounds for the treatment of other human or animal viral infections.
Background
Recent evidence suggests that some flavonoid compounds obtained from crude methanol extract of mistletoe leaves (
Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq), also known as Benalu Duku (BD), have ...antimicrobial effects. Thus, the plant has the potential to eliminate viruses that may cause outbreaks in chicken farms. This study aimed to prove the
in vitro ability of flavonoid compounds, namely quercetin-like compounds (QLCs), to eliminate field viruses, specifically the Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
Methods
This research was performed in two stages. An
in vitro test was used with a post-test of the control groups designed at a significance of 0.05. BD leaves (5 kg) were extracted using a maceration method with methanol and then separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. The final extracted products were separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain QLCs. The QLCs were identified and compared with quercetin using HPLC, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The activity of QLCs was tested
in vitro against the NDV at a virulence titter of 10
−5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture.
Results
Solutions of 0.05% (w/v) QLCs were discovered to have antiviral activity against NDVs, with an average cytopathogenic effect antigenicity at a 10
−5 dilution (p<0.05).
Conclusions
QLCs from flavonoids from the leaves of BD have
in vitro antiviral bioactivity against NDV at a virulence titter of 10-5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture. QLCs may have the potential to be developed as medicinal compounds for the treatment of other human or animal viral infections.
Background
Recent evidence suggests that some flavonoid compounds obtained from crude methanol extract of mistletoe leaves (
Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq), also known as Benalu Duku (BD), have ...antimicrobial effects. Thus, the plant has the potential to eliminate viruses that may cause outbreaks in chicken farms. This study aimed to prove the
in vitro ability of flavonoid compounds, namely quercetin-like compounds (QLCs), to eliminate field viruses, specifically the Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
Methods
This research was performed in two stages. An
in vitro test was used with a post-test of the control groups designed at a significance of 0.05. BD leaves (5 kg) were extracted using a maceration method with methanol and then separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. The final extracted products were separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain QLCs. The QLCs were identified and compared with quercetin using HPLC, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The activity of QLCs was tested
in vitro against the NDV at a virulence titer of 10
−5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture.
Results
Solutions of 0.05% (w/v) QLCs were discovered to have antiviral activity against NDVs, with an average cytopathogenic effect antigenicity at a 10
−5 dilution (p<0.05).
Conclusions
QLCs from flavonoids from the leaves of BD have
in vitro antiviral bioactivity against NDV at a virulence titer of 10-5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) in chicken kidney cell culture. QLCs may have the potential to be developed as medicinal compounds for the treatment of other human or animal viral infections.
Zinc oxide and curcumin, on their own and in combination, have the potential as alternatives to conventional anticancer drugs. In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by an ...eco-friendly method using pure curcumin, and their physicochemical properties were characterised. ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed the role of curcumin in synthesising zinc oxide curcumin nanoparticles (Green-ZnO-NPs). These nanoparticles exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a size and zeta potential of 27.61 ± 5.18 nm and -16.90 ± 0.26 mV, respectively. Green-ZnO-NPs showed good activity towards studied bacterial strains, including
,
and methicillin-resistant
. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Green-ZnO-NPs was consistently larger than that of chemically synthesised ZnO NPs (Std-ZnO-NPs) or mere curcumin, advocating an additive effect between the zinc oxide and curcumin. Green-ZnO-NPs demonstrated an efficient inhibitory effect towards MCF-7 cells with IC
(20.53 ± 5.12 μg/mL) that was significantly lower compared to that of Std-ZnO-NPs (27.08 ± 0.91 μg/mL) after 48 h of treatment. When Green-ZnO-NPs were tested against
larvae, a minimised cytotoxic effect was observed, with LC
being almost three times lower compared to that of Std-ZnO-NPs (11.96 ± 1.89 μg/mL and 34.60 ± 9.45 μg/mL, respectively). This demonstrates that Green-ZnO-NPs can be a potent, additively enhanced combination delivery/therapeutic agent with the potential for anticancer therapy.
Heterotrigona itama
(
H. itama
) honey was collected from apiculturists in three different meliponiculture sites in Peninsular Malaysia and was subjected to major-to-trace elements analysis using ...inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Four major elements and eight trace elements were analysed in all the samples and a chemometric approach was used for the topographical discrimination of these samples. The average concentration range of major elements was 385.19 ± 14.63 to 1197.58 ± 678.34 mg/kg for potassium, 41.05 ± 20.22 to 57.34 ± 19.98 mg/kg for sodium, 116.94 ± 16.58 to 144.40 ± 16.12 mg/kg for calcium, and 30.01 ± 3.19 to 182.92 ± 153.18 mg/kg for magnesium. Comparing the estimated daily intake of Malaysian adults per capita and the daily recommended intake by the Ministry of Health Malaysia, it can be deduced that
H. itama
honey is safe for human consumption. Nevertheless,
H. itama
honey from Pulau Pinang should be avoided as it contains toxic trace elements (Cd, Ni, and As), which can be accumulated in human bodies. Besides, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed a good discrimination pattern among the samples from different origins. The discrimination pattern was strongly associated with trace elements (Cu, Fe, and Mn) as the variable importance in projection (VIP) scores for these elements were > 1.0. The PLS-DA score plot was also justified with a permutation test and the result was valid (
p
< 0.001). Putative chemical markers of major-to-trace elements followed this order: manganese > iron > copper > sodium > calcium > nickel > arsenic > cadmium > zinc > aluminium > potassium > magnesium.
This study aims to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles with rutin (ZnO-R NPs) using a green synthesis approach and characterise the nanostructures for diverse biomedical applications. In this study, ...the optical and chemical properties of synthesised ZnO-R NPs were verified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed a symmetric bending vibration peak of 460 cm−1 for ZnO-R NPs, whereas UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct absorption band at 395 nm. Moreover, the oval-shaped morphology of ZnO-R NPs was verified through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesised nanoformulation revealed a wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 13.22 nm; however, the zeta potential value was recorded as −8.50 ± 0.46 mV for ZnO-R NPs. According to an antioxidant study, ZnO-R NPs demonstrated lower free-radical scavenging activity than pure rutin. The cytotoxicity study was conducted using a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In vitro analysis verified that ZnO-R NPs exhibited significantly higher anticancer and microbial growth inhibition activities than standard ZnO NPs (ZnO Std NPs) and pure rutin. In addition, ZnO-R NPs revealed a significantly lower IC50 value than the commercial ZnO Std NPs and pure rutin in MCF-7 cells (16.39 ± 6.03 μg/mL, 27 ± 0.91 μg/mL and 350 ± 30.1 μg/mL, respectively) after 48 h. However, synthesised ZnO-R NPs demonstrated no significant toxicity towards Artemia nauplii. These results highlight the synthesis of rutin-mediated ZnO NPs and their possible chemotherapeutic potential.
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