A
bstract
The emergence of the bulk Hilbert space is a mysterious concept in holography. In
1
, the SYK model was solved in the double scaling limit by summing chord diagrams. Here, we explicitly ...construct the bulk Hilbert space of double scaled SYK by slicing open these chord diagrams; this Hilbert space resembles that of a lattice field theory where the length of the lattice is dynamical and determined by the chord number. Under a calculable bulk-to-boundary map, states of fixed chord number map to particular entangled 2-sided states with a corresponding size. This bulk reconstruction is well-defined even when quantum gravity effects are important. Acting on the double scaled Hilbert space is a Type II
1
algebra of observables, which includes the Hamiltonian and matter operators. In the appropriate quantum Schwarzian limit, we also identify the JT gravitational algebra including the physical SL(2
,
ℝ) symmetry generators, and obtain explicit representations of the algebra using chord diagram techniques.
Background
Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) has been widely used to treat chronic pain, but the effectiveness and mechanisms in preventing early neuropathic pain have not been well explored. Even fewer ...knowledge is available in its impact on glia‐mediated nociceptive sensitization. This study aims to elucidate the modulation of PRF on nerve injury‐induced pain development and activation of spinal mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
Methods
In a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, a low‐volt PRF treatment was applied to the L5 dorsal root ganglion after nerve injury. Nociceptive behaviours were measured by von Frey and heat withdrawal tests at multiple time points. MAPK activations, including p‐ERK and p‐p38, as well as TNF‐α level in the spinal dorsal horn were assessed and the cell types that expressed MAPK activation were identified by double immunofluorescence staining.
Results
We found that SNL promptly induced neuropathic pain in the affected hind limb for over 1 week as well as increased p‐ERK and p‐p38 in the spinal dorsal horn. PRF significantly attenuated SNL‐induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia for 5–7 days. PRF also inhibited ERK and p38 activations, which were found majorly located within neurons and microglia, respectively. Besides, PRF significantly suppressed expression of TNF‐α in the spinal dorsal horn throughout the course.
Conclusions
Low‐volt PRF significantly ameliorated SNL‐induced acute pain. Inferentially, PRF may inhibit spinal sensitization by down‐regulating spinal MAPK activations and activation‐mediated cytokine release. We demonstrated that early PRF treatment in acute nerve injury helps to ameliorate neuropathic pain development.
Simultaneous enhancement of out-coupling efficiency, internal quantum efficiency, and color purity in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters is highly desired for the practical ...application of these materials. We designed and synthesized two isomeric TADF emitters, 2DPyM-mDTC and 3DPyM-pDTC, based on di(pyridinyl)methanone (DPyM) cores as the new electron-accepting units and di(tert-butyl)carbazole (DTC) as the electron-donating units. 3DPyM-pDTC, which is structurally nearly planar with a very small ΔE ST, shows higher color purity, horizontal ratio, and quantum yield than 2DPyM-mDTC, which has a more flexible structure. An electroluminescence device based on 3DPyM-pDTC as the dopant emitter can reach an extremely high external quantum efficiency of 31.9% with a pure blue emission. This work also demonstrates a way to design materials with a high portion of horizontal molecular orientation to realize a highly efficient pure-blue device based on TADF emitters.
Background
Postoperative colorectal anastomotic strictures are quite common. As such, many techniques have been available to address such a problem, one of which is endoscopic dilation. The aim of ...the present study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes following endoscopic dilation using a multidiameter balloon.
Methods
A retrospective study was conducted on patients with postoperative anastomotic stenosis treated with endoscopic dilation using a multidiameter balloon at our institution, in January 2005–December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed, excluding those with tumor recurrence. Perioperative factors, complications, and recurrence rates were analyzed.
Results
There were 40 patients, (22 males and 18 females, mean age 64.6 ± 10.7 years, range 33–84 years). The median follow-up period was 56 months (interquartile range 22.5–99 months). Only 1 complication occurred, micro-perforation due to guided wire injury, which was managed conservatively. Five (12.5%) patients developed restenosis and underwent repeat balloon dilation. None of the five recurrences required more aggressive management, such as redo anastomosis.
Conclusions
Endoscopic multidiameter balloon dilation is a safe and effective method for treating benign colorectal anastomotic strictures.
Femtochemistry techniques have been instrumental in accessing the short time scales necessary to probe transient intermediates in chemical reactions. In this study, we took the contrasting approach ...of prolonging the lifetime of an intermediate by preparing reactant molecules in their lowest rovibronic quantum state at ultralow temperatures, thereby markedly reducing the number of exit channels accessible upon their mutual collision. Using ionization spectroscopy and velocity-map imaging of a trapped gas of potassium-rubidium (KRb) molecules at a temperature of 500 nanokelvin, we directly observed reactants, intermediates, and products of the reaction
K
Rb +
K
Rb → K
Rb
* → K
+ Rb
Beyond observation of a long-lived, energy-rich intermediate complex, this technique opens the door to further studies of quantum-state-resolved reaction dynamics in the ultracold regime.
Aims
Sensory nerve degeneration and consequent abnormal sensations are the earliest and most prevalent manifestations of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) due to amyloidogenic transthyretin ...(TTR). FAP is a relentlessly progressive degenerative disease of the peripheral nervous system. However, there is a lack of mouse models to replicate the early neuropathic manifestations of FAP.
Methods
We established human TTR knock‐in mice by replacing one allele of the mouse Ttr locus with human wild‐type TTR (hTTRwt) or human TTR with the A97S mutation (hTTRA97S). Given the late onset of neuropathic manifestations in A97S‐FAP, we investigated nerve pathology, physiology, and behavioural tests in these mice at two age points: the adult group (8 – 56 weeks) and the ageing group (> 104 weeks).
Results
In the adult group, nerve profiles, neurophysiology and behaviour were similar between hTTRwt and hTTRA97S mice. By contrast, ageing hTTRA97S mice showed small fibre neuropathy with decreased intraepidermal nerve fibre density and behavioural signs of mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, significant reductions in sural nerve myelinated nerve fibre density and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes in these mice indicated degeneration of large sensory fibres. The unaffected motor nerve physiology replicated the early symptoms of FAP patients, that is, sensory nerves were more vulnerable to mutant TTR than motor nerves.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that the hTTRA97S mouse model develops sensory nerve pathology and corresponding physiology mimicking A97S‐FAP and provides a platform to develop new therapies for the early stage of A97S‐FAP.
A
bstract
It is widely believed that exact global symmetries do not exist in theories that admit quantum black holes. Here we propose a way to quantify the degree of global symmetry violation in the ...Hawking radiation of a black hole by using certain relative entropies. While the violations of global symmetry that we consider are non-perturbative effects, they nevertheless give
O
(1) contributions to the relative entropy after the Page time. Furthermore, using “island” formulas, these relative entropies can be computed within semi-classical gravity, which we demonstrate with explicit examples. These formulas give a rather precise operational sense to the statement that a global charge thrown into an old black hole will be lost after a scrambling time.
The relative entropies considered here may also be computed using a replica trick. At integer replica index, the global symmetry violating effects manifest themselves as charge flowing through the replica wormhole.
A significant consequence of Typhoon Morakot in August 2009 was the production of vast volumes of driftwood in Pacific Asia. We have quantified the flux of this coarse woody debris (CWD) to the ...oceans from typhoon-triggered landslides in Taiwan, where Morakot made landfall, by combining remote sensing (using FORMOSAT-2 imagery and aerial photography), analysis of forest biomass, and field observations. A total of 3.8–8.4 TgCWD was transported to the oceans, carrying 1.8–4.0 Tg of organic carbon. In addition to the local effects on the marine and coastal environment from such a highly concentrated flux of carbon and nutrients, storm-driven mobilization of CWD may represent a significant, if infrequent, transfer of terrestrial biomass to the oceans. If the frequency of relatively rare, extreme storms such as Morakot increases in a changing climate, this transport mechanism may play an important role in feedbacks between global climate, storm intensity, and carbon cycling.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The use of anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) to treat low back pain has increased substantially in recent years despite limited supporting evidence. We aimed to ...determine the efficacy and tolerability of anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain compared with placebo. METHODS A search was conducted in 5 databases for studies comparing an anticonvulsant to placebo in patients with nonspecific low back pain, sciatica or neurogenic claudication of any duration. The outcomes were self-reported pain, disability and adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, and quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Data were pooled and treatment effects were quantified using mean differences for continuous and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes. RESULTS Nine trials compared topiramate, gabapentin or pregabalin to placebo in 859 unique participants. Fourteen of 15 comparisons found anticonvulsants were not effective to reduce pain or disability in low back pain or lumbar radicular pain; for example, there was high-quality evidence of no effect of gabapentinoids versus placebo on chronic low back pain in the short term (pooled mean difference MD −0.0, 95% confidence interval CI −0.8 to 0.7) or for lumbar radicular pain in the immediate term (pooled MD −0.1, 95% CI −0.7 to 0.5). The lack of efficacy is accompanied by increased risk of adverse events from use of gabapentinoids, for which the level of evidence is high. INTERPRETATION There is moderate- to high-quality evidence that anticonvulsants are ineffective for treatment of low back pain or lumbar radicular pain. There is high-quality evidence that gabapentinoids have a higher risk for adverse events. Protocol registration PROSPERO-CRD42016046363
A
bstract
We derive simple bootstrap bounds on correlation functions of the BFSS matrix theory/D0-brane quantum mechanics. The result strengthens and extends Polchinski’s virial theorem bound to ...finite energies and gives the first non-trivial bound on ⟨Tr
X
2
⟩. Despite their simplicity, the bounds hint at some features of the dual black hole geometry. Our best lower bounds are already a factor of ∼ 2 from existing Monte Carlo results.
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