Many cultures share common constellations and common narratives about the stars in the night sky. Previous research has shown that this overlap in asterisms, minimal star groupings inside ...constellations, is clearly present across 27 distinct culture groups and can be explained in part by properties of individual stars (brightness) and properties of pairs of stars (proximity) (Kemp, Hamacher, Little, & Cropper, 2022). The same work, however, found no evidence that properties of triples (angle) and quadruples (good continuation) predicted constellation formation. We developed a behavioral experiment to explore how individuals form constellations under conditions that reduce cultural learning. We found that participants independently selected and connected similar stars, and that their responses were predicted by two properties of triples (angle and even spacing) in addition to the properties of brightness and proximity supported by previous work. Our findings lend further evidence to the theory that commonality of constellations across cultures is not a result of shared human history but rather stems from shared human nature.
Previous research has established the prevalence of shared constellations across cultures and that the visual principles of brightness and proximity predict key structures within them. To expand on these findings, we implemented a behavioural study to explore constellation creation in individuals. We examine five visual principles’ impact on the constellations created: brightness, proximity, convexity, even spacing and good continuation.
The relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory is of fundamental importance to understanding how capacity-limited structures such as working memory interact with inference abilities ...to determine intelligent behavior. Recent evidence has suggested that the relationship between a fluid abilities test, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and working memory capacity (WMC) may be invariant across difficulty levels of the Raven's items. We show that this invariance can only be observed if the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC is low. Simulations of Raven's performance revealed that as the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC increases, the item-wise point bi-serial correlations involving WMC are no longer constant but increase considerably with item difficulty. The simulation results were confirmed by two studies that used a composite measure of WMC, which yielded a higher correlation between WMC and Raven's than reported in previous studies. As expected, with the higher overall correlation, there was a significant positive relationship between Raven's item difficulty and the extent of the item-wise correlation with WMC.
Summary
Background
Virtual clinics represent a novel model of care in inflammatory bowel disease. Their effectiveness in promoting high quality use of biologic therapy and facilitating a ...treat‐to‐target approach is unknown.
Aim
To evaluate clinical and process‐driven outcomes in a virtual clinic compared to standard outpatient care amongst patients receiving intensified anti‐TNF therapy for secondary loss of response.
Methods
We performed a retrospective multi‐centre, parallel, observational cohort study of Crohn's disease patients receiving intensified anti‐TNF therapy for secondary loss of response. Objective assessments of disease activity and anti‐TNF trough levels at secondary loss of response and during subsequent 6‐month semesters, were compared longitudinally between virtual clinic and standard outpatient care cohorts. The primary endpoint was treatment success, with appropriateness of dose intensification, tight disease monitoring and treatment de‐escalation representing secondary outcomes.
Results
Of 149 patients with similar baseline characteristics, 69 were managed via a virtual clinic and 80 via standard outpatient care. There were higher rates of treatment success in the virtual clinic cohort (60.9 vs 35.0%, P < 0.002). Rates of appropriate dose intensification (82.6% vs 40.0%, P < 0.001), biomarker remission (faecal calprotectin P = 0.002), tight‐disease monitoring (84.1% vs 28.8%, P < 0.001) and treatment de‐escalation (21.3% vs 10.0%, P = 0.027) also favoured the virtual clinic cohort.
Conclusion
This study favoured a virtual clinic‐led model‐of‐care over standard outpatient care in facilitating treatment success as part of an effective treat‐to‐target approach in Crohn's disease. A virtual clinic model‐of‐care also improved treatment outcomes and quality of use of intensified anti‐TNF therapy through processes that promoted appropriate dose intensification and tight‐disease monitoring, while encouraging more frequent dose de‐escalation.
The term “housane” refers to molecules possessing a bicyclo2.1.0pentane core. One was designed, synthesized, and used as a precursor of daucene, a member of the carotane class of sesquiterpenes. The ...total synthesis was completed, thereby marking the first time that housane-derived cation radicals have been used as the key intermediate in the synthesis of a natural product. The transformation used in the construction and featured in the text involves an oxidation to generate the cation radical via either a chemically or an electrochemically mediated electron transfer, the latter process using tris(p-bromophenyl)amine as the mediator. The two methods are compared, and guiding principles are formulated to assist in deciding how best to implement each. Both processes afford an unfavorable equilibrium state that is subsequently drained toward the product by two irreversible events, viz., a 1,2 carbon migration to the site that best stabilizes a positive charge and a second electron transfer, this time being a highly exothermic reduction of the rearranged species to generate the neutral product. A mechanistic proposal calling for the use of a catalytic quantity of the electrochemical mediator and the consumption of exceptionally small quantities of current is advanced. Experimental deviations from these predictions are noted, and a rationale to account for them is presented. Finally, significant differences were noted between the cyclic voltammograms of housanes bearing a CH2OR substituent rather than a methyl group at the bridgehead carbon. Those having the inductively withdrawing group displayed broad and ill-defined curves. The differences were investigated quantum mechanically, and a stereoelectronic argument is formulated stating that broadness of the curve for the ROCH2-substituted systems is the result of a time-averaged sampling of the HOMO energies over the distribution of conformers. The possible generality of the stereoelectronic effect is noted.
Recent theoretical advances in theories of categorization response times have made it possible to differentiate mental architectures that specify how processes occurring over several ...information-processing channels are combined (e.g., in serial or in parallel). This article introduces the numerical computations necessary to generate predictions for a class of logical rule-based models that have recently been used to account for speeded perceptual categorization judgments (Fifić, M., Little, D.R. & Nosofsky, R. M. . Psychological Review, 117:309–348,
2010
).
An electrochemical strategy for the efficient synthesis of 2‐substituted benzoxazoles was developed using a catalytic amount of sodium iodide (NaI) as a redox catalyst in a two‐phase buffer system.
Invited for this month's cover picture is Robert Francke from the University of Rostock (Germany) and R. Daniel Little from the University of California Santa Barbara (USA). The cover picture ...highlights the catalytic effect of heterogeneous electron transfers on chemical reactions of organic molecules (“electrochemical catalysis”). A comparison is shown between the typical energy profile of a thermally induced reaction and the corresponding electrochemically catalyzed transformation using the example of the Newman‐Kwart rearrangement. Read the full text of the Minireview at 10.1002/celc.201900432.
“The term ‘electrocatalysis’ is generally known as the facilitation of a heterogeneous electron transfer through a chemical interaction between the electrode and a substrate. The opposite case, the utilization of a heterogeneous electron exchange to catalyze a chemical reaction, is a much less known, but yet a very powerful approach in electrosynthesis…“ Learn more about the story behind the research featured on the front cover in this issue's Cover Profile. Read the corresponding Minireview at 10.1002/celc.201900432.
Insight has been investigated under the assumption that participants solve insight problems with insight processes and/or experiences. A recent trend has involved presenting participants with the ...solution and analysing the resultant experience as if insight has taken place. We examined self-reports of the aha experience, a defining aspect of insight, before and after feedback, along with additional affective components of insight (e.g., pleasure, surprise, impasse). Classic insight problems, compound remote associates, and non-insight problems were randomly interleaved and presented to participants. Solution feedback increased ratings of aha experience in both insight and non-insight problems, with this result being driven by responses to solutions that were initially incorrectly generated. Ratings of aha for correctly generated solutions decreased after the correct solution was presented. These findings have implications for insight research paradigms as well as informing teaching methods.
Digital health technologies (smartphones, smartwatches, and other body-worn sensors) can act as novel tools to aid in the diagnosis and remote objective monitoring of an individual’s disease ...symptoms, both in clinical care and in research. Nonetheless, such digital health technologies have yet to widely demonstrate value in clinical research due to insufficient data interpretability and lack of regulatory acceptance. Metadata, i.e., data that accompany and describe the primary data, can be utilized to better understand the context of the sensor data and can assist in data management, data sharing, and subsequent data analysis. The need for data and metadata standards for digital health technologies has been raised in academic and industry research communities and has also been noted by regulatory authorities. Therefore, to address this unmet need, we here propose a metadata set that reflects regulatory guidelines and that can serve as a conceptual map to (1) inform researchers on the metadata they should collect in digital health studies, aiming to increase the interpretability and exchangeability of their data, and (2) direct standard development organizations on how to extend their existing standards to incorporate digital health technologies. The proposed metadata set is informed by existing standards pertaining to clinical trials and medical devices, in addition to existing schemas that have supported digital health technology studies. We illustrate this specifically in the context of Parkinson’s disease, as a model for a wide range of other chronic conditions for which remote monitoring would be useful in both care and science. We invite the scientific and clinical research communities to apply the proposed metadata set to ongoing and planned research. Where the proposed metadata fall short, we ask users to contribute to its ongoing revision so that an adequate degree of consensus can be maintained in a rapidly evolving technology landscape.
Selective attention has been known to play an important role in decision making. In the present study, we combined a cueing paradigm with a redundant-target detection task to examine how attention ...affects the decision process when detecting the redundant targets. Cue validity was manipulated in two experiments. The results showed that when the cue was 50 % valid in one experiment, the participants adopted a parallel self-terminating processing strategy, indicative of a diffuse attentional focus on both target locations. When the cue was 100 % valid in the second experiment, all of the participants switched to a serial self-terminating processing strategy, which in our study indicated focused attention to a single target location. This study demonstrates the flexibility of the decision mechanism and highlights the importance of top-down control in selecting a decision strategy.
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