Systems factorial technology (SFT) is a theoretically derived methodology that allows for strong inferences to be made about underlying processing architectures (e.g., whether processing occurs in a ...pooled, coactive fashion or in serial or in parallel). Measures of mental architecture using SFT have been restricted to the use of error-free response times (RTs). In this article, through formal proofs and demonstrations, we extended the measure of architecture, the survivor interaction contrast (SIC), to RTs conditioned on whether they are correct or incorrect. We show that so long as an ordering relation (between stimulus conditions of different difficulty) is preserved, we learn that the canonical SIC predictions result when exhaustive processing is necessary and sufficient for a response. We further prove that this ordering relation holds for the popular Wiener diffusion model for both correct and error RTs but fails under some classes of a Poisson counter model, which affords a strong potential experimental test of the latter class versus the others. Our exploration also serves to point to the importance of detailed studies of how errors are made in perceptual and cognitive tasks.
Abstract Graphical perception is an important part of the scientific endeavour, and the interpretation of graphical information is increasingly important among educated consumers of popular media, ...who are often presented with graphs of data in support of different policy positions. However, graphs are multidimensional and data in graphs are comprised not only of overall global trends but also local perturbations. We presented a novel function estimation task in which scatterplots of noisy data that varied in the number of data points, the scale of the data, and the true generating function were shown to observers. 170 psychology undergraduates with mixed experience of mathematical functions were asked to draw the function that they believe generated the data. Our results indicated not only a general influence of various aspects of the presented graph (e.g., increasing the number of data points results in smoother generated functions) but also clear individual differences, with some observers tending to generate functions that track the local changes in the data and others following global trends in the data.
Cultures around the world organize stars into constellations, or asterisms, and these groupings are often considered to be arbitrary and culture specific. Yet there are striking similarities in ...asterisms across cultures, and groupings such as Orion, the Big Dipper, the Pleiades, and the Southern Cross are widely recognized across many different cultures. Psychologists have informally suggested that these shared patterns are explained by Gestalt laws of grouping, but there have been no systematic attempts to catalog asterisms that recur across cultures or to explain the perceptual basis of these groupings. Here, we compiled data from 27 cultures around the world and found that a simple computational model of perceptual grouping accounts for many of the recurring cross-cultural asterisms. Our results suggest that basic perceptual principles account for more of the structure of asterisms across cultures than previously acknowledged and highlight ways in which specific cultures depart from this shared baseline.
According to various influential formal models of cognition, perceptual categorization and old–new recognition recruit the same memory system. By contrast, the prevailing view in the cognitive ...neuroscience literature is that separate neural systems mediate perceptual categorization and recognition. A direct form of evidence is that separate brain regions are activated when observers engage in categorization and recognition tasks involving the same types of stimuli. However, even if the same memory-based comparison processes underlie categorization and recognition, one would not expect to see identical patterns of brain activity across the tasks; the reason is that observers would adjust parameter settings (e.g., vary criterion settings) across the tasks to satisfy the different task goals. In this fMRI study, we conducted categorization and recognition tasks in which stimulus conditions were held constant, and in which observers were induced to vary hypothesized parameter settings across conditions. A formal exemplar model was fitted to the data to track the changes in parameters to help interpret the fMRI results. We observed systematic effects of changes in parameters on patterns of brain activity, which were interpretable in terms of differing forms of evidence accumulation that resulted from the changed parameter settings. After controlling for stimulus and parameter-related differences, we found little evidence that categorization and recognition recruit separate memory systems.
Metastudies for robust tests of theory Baribault, Beth; Donkin, Chris; Little, Daniel R. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
03/2018, Letnik:
115, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We describe and demonstrate an empirical strategy useful for discovering and replicating empirical effects in psychological science. The method involves the design of a metastudy, in which many ...independent experimental variables—that may be moderators of an empirical effect—are indiscriminately randomized. Radical randomization yields rich datasets that can be used to test the robustness of an empirical claim to some of the vagaries and idiosyncrasies of experimental protocols and enhances the generalizability of these claims. The strategy is made feasible by advances in hierarchical Bayesian modeling that allow for the pooling of information across unlike experiments and designs and is proposed here as a gold standard for replication research and exploratory research. The practical feasibility of the strategy is demonstrated with a replication of a study on subliminal priming.
In this article, we examine whether dimensions comprising the entirety of an object (e.g., size and saturation) are processed independently or pooled into a single whole-object representation. These ...whole-object features, while notionally separable, sometimes show empirical effects consistent with integrality. A recently proposed theoretical distinction between integral and separable dimensions that emphasizes the time course of information processing, can be used to differentiate whether whole-object features are processed independently, either in serial or in parallel, or pooled into a single coactive process (see, e.g., Little, Nosofsky, Donkin, & Denton, 2013). The current research examines this theoretical distinction in the processing of 3 sets of whole-object-featured stimuli that vary on any pair of the dimensions of saturation, size, and orientation. We found that a mixture of serial and parallel architectures underlies the processing of whole-object features. These results indicate that whole-object features are processed independently.
This study investigates the impact of standing electric scooter-related injuries within an entire integrated hospital system.
We performed a retrospective review of patients involved in standing ...electric scooter incidents presenting throughout an urban hospital network over a 10 month period. Rates of Google searches of scooter-related terms performed locally were used as a surrogate for ride frequency. Injury, mechanism, and cost data were analyzed.
Data on 248 patients were reviewed. Twenty-three (9%) were under 18 years old. Loss of balance was the most common cause of injury accounting for nearly half, while tripping over a scooter 14 (6%) affected the elderly disproportionately. Eight (3%) riders wore helmets. All TBI and closed head injuries occurred in unhelmeted patients. Most incidents occurred in the street, only one in a bicycle lane. Facilities costs were greater for patients under the influence of alcohol and marijuana.
Policies related to the use of mandated safety equipment, dedicated bicycle lanes, and the proper storage of empty vehicles should be further investigated.
•Electric scooter injuries often do not present as trauma activations.•Illegal use by underage riders and tripping over discarded scooters by elderly are common.•Use of protective equipment is uncommon.•Use in a dedicated bicycle may minimize accidents.
Table of contents summary: Standing electric scooter injuries present across all age groups in this study from an integrated health system. Use of protective equipment is rare, as are injuries occurring in dedicated bicycle lanes. Substance use may be linked to higher facilities costs.
HIV posttreatment controllers are rare individuals who start antiretroviral therapy (ART), but maintain HIV suppression after treatment interruption. The frequency of posttreatment control and ...posttreatment interruption viral dynamics have not been well characterized.
Posttreatment controllers were identified from 14 studies and defined as individuals who underwent treatment interruption with viral loads ≤400 copies/mL at two-thirds or more of time points for ≥24 weeks. Viral load and CD4+ cell dynamics were compared between posttreatment controllers and noncontrollers.
Of the 67 posttreatment controllers identified, 38 initiated ART during early HIV infection. Posttreatment controllers were more frequently identified in those treated during early versus chronic infection (13% vs 4%, P < .001). In posttreatment controllers with weekly viral load monitoring, 45% had a peak posttreatment interruption viral load of ≥1000 copies/mL and 33% had a peak viral load ≥10000 copies/mL. Of posttreatment controllers, 55% maintained HIV control for 2 years, with approximately 20% maintaining control for ≥5 years.
Posttreatment control was more commonly identified amongst early treated individuals, frequently characterized by early transient viral rebound and heterogeneous durability of HIV remission. These results may provide mechanistic insights and have implications for the design of trials aimed at achieving HIV remission.
A new class of metal-free, easy to synthesize redox catalysts based on a triarylimidazole framework is described. With those synthesized thus far, one can access a potential range of ca. 410 mV. They ...proved to be useful mediators for the activation of benzylic C–H bonds under mild conditions.
Models of human decision-making aim to simultaneously explain the similarity, attraction, and compromise effects. However, evidence that people show all three effects within the same paradigm has ...come from studies in which choices were averaged over participants. This averaging is only justified if those participants show qualitatively similar choice behaviors. To investigate whether this was the case, we repeated two experiments previously run by Trueblood (
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
,
19
(5), 962-968,
2012
) and Berkowitsch, Scheibehenne, and Rieskamp (
Journal of Experimental Psychology
,
143
(3), 1331–1348,
2014
). We found that individuals displayed qualitative differences in their choice behavior. In general, people did not simultaneously display all three context effects. Instead, we found a tendency for some people to show either the similarity effect or the compromise effect but not both. More importantly, many individuals showed strong dimensional biases that were much larger than any effects of context. This research highlights the dangers of averaging indiscriminately and the necessity for accounting for individual differences and dimensional biases in decision-making.
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