One of the major impediments to using electroorganic synthesis is the need for large amounts of a supporting electrolyte to ensure the passage of charge. Frequently this causes separation and waste ...problems. To address these issues, a polymeric ionic liquid–Super P carbon black composite has been formulated. The system enables electrolyses to be performed without adding an additional supporting electrolyte, and its efficient recovery and reuse. In addition, the ability of the composite to modify the electrode surface in situ leads to improved kinetics. A practical consequence is that one can decrease catalyst loading without sacrificing efficiency.
A composite electrolyte that combines the features of a polymeric ionic liquid with the properties of carbon nanoparticles enables electrochemical oxidations without an additional supporting electrolyte. The composite can be reused in subsequent electrolyses. In addition, the composite electrolyte can improve the kinetics through modification of the electrode surface.
The ability to generate diverse ideas (divergent thinking) is valuable in solving creative problems (e.g., insight problems); yet, however advantageous, this ability is insufficient to solve the ...problem alone and requires the ability to logically deduce an assessment of correctness of each solution (convergent thinking). Positive schizotypy may help isolate the aspects of divergent thinking prevalent in insight problem solving. Participants were presented with a measure of schizotypy (Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences), divergent and convergent thinking tasks, insight problems, and non-insight problems. We found no evidence for a relationship between schizotypy and insight problem solving. Relationships between divergent thinking and insight problem solving were also surprisingly weak; however, measures of convergent thinking had a stronger relationship with problem solving. These results suggest that convergent thinking is more important than divergent thinking in problem solving.
•We conduct modified Garner tasks that eliminate the use of a pure bypass strategy.•We replicate the standard effects but also find pronounced sequential effects.•We develop sequence-sensitive ...exemplar and decision-bound models.•We propose strengthened perceptual/memory for repetitions.•We propose a bias to change responses when the stimulus changes.
Among the most fundamental results in the area of perceptual classification are the “correlated facilitation” and “filtering interference” effects observed in Garner’s (1974) speeded categorization tasks: In the case of integral-dimension stimuli, relative to a control task, single-dimension classification is faster when there is correlated variation along a second dimension, but slower when there is orthogonal variation that cannot be filtered out (e.g., by attention). These fundamental effects may result from participants’ use of a trial-by-trial bypass strategy in the control and correlated tasks: The observer changes the previous category response whenever the stimulus changes, and maintains responses if the stimulus repeats. Here we conduct modified versions of the Garner tasks that eliminate the availability of a pure bypass strategy. The fundamental facilitation and interference effects remain, but are still largely explainable in terms of pronounced sequential effects in all tasks. We develop sequence-sensitive versions of exemplar-retrieval and decision-bound models aimed at capturing the detailed, trial-by-trial response-time distribution data. The models combine assumptions involving: (i) strengthened perceptual/memory representations of stimuli that repeat across consecutive trials, and (ii) a bias to change category responses on trials in which the stimulus changes. These models can predict our observed effects and provide a more complete account of the underlying bases of performance in our modified Garner tasks.
A series of triarylimidazoles was synthesized and characterized electrochemically. The synthetic route is general, providing a pathway to 30 redox mediators that exhibit a > 700 mV range of ...accessible potentials. Most of the triarylimidazoles display three oxidation peaks where the first redox couple is quasi-reversible. The electronic character of the substituents affects the oxidation potential. This is exemplified by a linear correlation between the first oxidation potential and the sum of the Hammett σ+ substituent constants, as well as with a series of calculated ionization potentials. We close by putting forward a rule of thumb stating that for a given mediator, the upper limit of accessible potentials can be extended by at least 500 mV beyond the largest recorded value. A rationale, the conditions under which the rule is likely to apply, and an example are provided.
The extent to which distracting information influences decisions can be informative about the nature of the underlying cognitive and perceptual processes. In a recent paper, a response time-based ...measure for quantifying the degree of interference (or facilitation) from distracting information termed resilience was introduced. Despite using a statistical measure, the analysis was limited to qualitative comparisons between different model predictions. In this paper, we demonstrate how statistical procedures from workload capacity analysis can be applied to the new resilience functions. In particular, we present an approach to null-hypothesis testing of resilience functions and a method based on functional principal components analysis for analyzing differences in the functional form of the resilience functions across participants and conditions.
Many cultures share common constellations and common narratives about the stars in the night sky. Previous research has shown that this overlap in asterisms, minimal star groupings inside ...constellations, is clearly present across 27 distinct culture groups and can be explained in part by properties of individual stars (brightness) and properties of pairs of stars (proximity) (Kemp, Hamacher, Little, & Cropper, 2022). The same work, however, found no evidence that properties of triples (angle) and quadruples (good continuation) predicted constellation formation. We developed a behavioral experiment to explore how individuals form constellations under conditions that reduce cultural learning. We found that participants independently selected and connected similar stars, and that their responses were predicted by two properties of triples (angle and even spacing) in addition to the properties of brightness and proximity supported by previous work. Our findings lend further evidence to the theory that commonality of constellations across cultures is not a result of shared human history but rather stems from shared human nature.
Previous research has established the prevalence of shared constellations across cultures and that the visual principles of brightness and proximity predict key structures within them. To expand on these findings, we implemented a behavioural study to explore constellation creation in individuals. We examine five visual principles’ impact on the constellations created: brightness, proximity, convexity, even spacing and good continuation.
A classic distinction in perceptual information processing is whether stimuli are composed of separable dimensions, which are highly analyzable, or integral dimensions, which are processed ...holistically. Previous tests of a set of logical-rule models of classification have shown that separable-dimension stimuli are processed serially if the dimensions are spatially separated and as a mixture of serial and parallel processes if the dimensions are spatially overlapping (Fific, Little, & Nosofsky, 2010; Little, Nosofsky, & Denton, 2011). In the current research, the logical-rule models are applied to predict response-time (RT) data from participants trained to classify integral-dimension color stimuli into rule-based categories. In dramatic contrast to the previous results for separable-dimension stimuli, analysis of the current data indicated that processing was best captured by a single-channel coactive model. The results converge with previous operations that suggest holistic processing of integral-dimension stimuli and demonstrate considerable generality for the application of the logical-rule models to predicting RT data from rule-based classification experiments.
We propose a novel modeling framework for characterizing the time course of change detection based on information held in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Specifically, we seek to answer whether ...change detection is better captured by a first-order integration model, in which information is pooled from each location, or a second-order integration model, in which each location is processed independently. We diagnose whether change detection across locations proceeds in serial or parallel and how processing is affected by the stopping rule (i.e., detecting any change vs. detecting all changes; Experiment 1) and how the efficiency of detection is affected by the number of changes in the display (Experiment 2). We find that although capacity is generally limited in both tasks, the architecture varies from parallel self-terminating in the OR task to serial self-terminating in the AND task. Our novel framework allows model comparisons across a large set of models ruling out several competing explanations of change detection.
The relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory is of fundamental importance to understanding how capacity-limited structures such as working memory interact with inference abilities ...to determine intelligent behavior. Recent evidence has suggested that the relationship between a fluid abilities test, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and working memory capacity (WMC) may be invariant across difficulty levels of the Raven's items. We show that this invariance can only be observed if the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC is low. Simulations of Raven's performance revealed that as the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC increases, the item-wise point bi-serial correlations involving WMC are no longer constant but increase considerably with item difficulty. The simulation results were confirmed by two studies that used a composite measure of WMC, which yielded a higher correlation between WMC and Raven's than reported in previous studies. As expected, with the higher overall correlation, there was a significant positive relationship between Raven's item difficulty and the extent of the item-wise correlation with WMC.
Summary
Background
Virtual clinics represent a novel model of care in inflammatory bowel disease. Their effectiveness in promoting high quality use of biologic therapy and facilitating a ...treat‐to‐target approach is unknown.
Aim
To evaluate clinical and process‐driven outcomes in a virtual clinic compared to standard outpatient care amongst patients receiving intensified anti‐TNF therapy for secondary loss of response.
Methods
We performed a retrospective multi‐centre, parallel, observational cohort study of Crohn's disease patients receiving intensified anti‐TNF therapy for secondary loss of response. Objective assessments of disease activity and anti‐TNF trough levels at secondary loss of response and during subsequent 6‐month semesters, were compared longitudinally between virtual clinic and standard outpatient care cohorts. The primary endpoint was treatment success, with appropriateness of dose intensification, tight disease monitoring and treatment de‐escalation representing secondary outcomes.
Results
Of 149 patients with similar baseline characteristics, 69 were managed via a virtual clinic and 80 via standard outpatient care. There were higher rates of treatment success in the virtual clinic cohort (60.9 vs 35.0%, P < 0.002). Rates of appropriate dose intensification (82.6% vs 40.0%, P < 0.001), biomarker remission (faecal calprotectin P = 0.002), tight‐disease monitoring (84.1% vs 28.8%, P < 0.001) and treatment de‐escalation (21.3% vs 10.0%, P = 0.027) also favoured the virtual clinic cohort.
Conclusion
This study favoured a virtual clinic‐led model‐of‐care over standard outpatient care in facilitating treatment success as part of an effective treat‐to‐target approach in Crohn's disease. A virtual clinic model‐of‐care also improved treatment outcomes and quality of use of intensified anti‐TNF therapy through processes that promoted appropriate dose intensification and tight‐disease monitoring, while encouraging more frequent dose de‐escalation.
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