Receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals are of great current interest in molecular imaging and radiotherapy of cancers, and provide a unique tool for target-specific delivery of radionuclides to the ...diseased tissues. In general, a target-specific radiopharmaceutical can be divided into four parts: targeting biomolecule (BM), pharmacokinetic modifying (PKM) linker, bifunctional coupling or chelating agent (BFC), and radionuclide. The targeting biomolecule serves as a “carrier” for specific delivery of the radionuclide. PKM linkers are used to modify radiotracer excretion kinetics. BFC is needed for radiolabeling of biomolecules with a metallic radionuclide. Different radiometals have significant difference in their coordination chemistry, and require BFCs with different donor atoms and chelator frameworks. Since the radiometal chelate can have a significant impact on physical and biological properties of the target-specific radiopharmaceutical, its excretion kinetics can be altered by modifying the coordination environment with various chelators or coligand, if needed. This review will focus on the design of BFCs and their coordination chemistry with technetium, copper, gallium, indium, yttrium and lanthanide radiometals.
Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are currently explored as novel photothermal agents because of their ultrathin structure, high specific surface area, and unique optoelectronic properties. In ...addition to single photothermal therapy (PTT), 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in PTT‐based synergistic therapies. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy over the last five years. Their unique optical properties, typical synthesis methods, and surface modification are also covered. Emphasis is placed on their PTT and PTT‐synergized chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. The major challenges of 2D photothermal agents are addressed and the promising prospects are also presented.
Cancer therapy: Recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for photothermal therapy including their optical properties, synthesis methods, surface modification, and applications is reviewed. The unique properties and advantages of 2D nanomaterials have been successfully used in photothermal therapy and combined photothermal therapy. This application will continue to be attractive and needs further exploration.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common primary tumor of the kidney and is divided into three major subtypes, of which clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has the highest incidence. Glutamate ...dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) encodes glutamate dehydrogenase 1, which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate.
We analyzed TCGA data using R language software and used multiple online databases to explore the relationship of GLUD1 with signaling pathways and drug sensitivity as well as GLUD1 protein expression and methylation.
The results showed that GLUD1 mRNA expression was reduced in tumor tissues and correlated with the progression of ccRCC. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis showed that GLUD1 could be used as a prognostic marker for ccRCC. GLUD1 expression in ccRCC was associated with immune cells infiltration and multiple classical signaling pathways. In addition, GLUD1 mRNA expression was related to drug sensitivity.
These findings provide new ideas for finding new prognostic molecular markers and therapeutic targets for ccRCC.
The aim of this study based on the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces obtained from 2000 to 2016 was to calculate the green total factor efficiency (GTFE) of industrial water resources by applying ...the Super-Slack Based Measure (SBM) model of non-expected output, and to analyze the effect of core variables (technological innovation, environmental regulation, and the interaction of these two factors) and control variables (education level, industrial development and the degree of openness) on the GTFE of industrial water resources by making use of Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and the dynamic panel system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results show that technological innovation had no significant impact on the GTFE of industrial water resources in China and the eastern region. It had a restraining impact on the central region, while a positive effect on the western region. Environmental regulation was not conducive to the improvement of China's GTFE of industrial water resources, and the promotion of efficiency in the eastern, central, and western regions was not significant. The interaction between technological innovation and environmental regulation positively affected the GTFE of industrial water resources of China, whereas it had a negative impact on the central region and an insignificant impact on the eastern and central regions. This showed that there were regional, economic, and industrial structure differences in the effect of technological innovation and environmental regulation on the GTFE of industrial water resources. In addition, the first-phase lag of GTFE of industrial water resources in China and the central region, the degree of openness of China and eastern, central, and western regions, the education level of central residents, and the industrial development degree of western region effectively improved the GTFE of industrial water resources, whereas the education level of western residents had an inhibitory impact. Therefore, China needs to formulate a differentiated and diversified technological innovation system and environmental protection policy, improve the green research and development investment of industrial enterprises, and form a green development model; at the same time, China needs to guide rational consumption, develop high-tech industries, and adhere to opening up.
•Thirty-seven antibiotics were systematically investigated in typical marine aquaculture farms.•Enrofloxacin was widely detected in the feed samples (16.6–31.8ng/g).•ETM-H2O in the adult shrimp ...samples may pose a potential risk to human safety.•TMP was bioaccumulative in fish muscles.•Antibiotics were weakly bioaccumulated in mollusks.
The occurrence, bioaccumulation, and human dietary exposure via seafood consumption of 37 antibiotics in six typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding Hailing Island, South China were investigated in this study. Sulfamethoxazole, salinomycin and trimethoprim were widely detected in the water samples (0.4–36.9ng/L), while oxytetracycline was the predominant antibiotic in the water samples of shrimp larvae pond. Enrofloxacin was widely detected in the feed samples (16.6–31.8ng/g) and erythromycin–H2O was the most frequently detected antibiotic in the sediment samples (0.8–4.8ng/g). Erythromycin–H2O was the dominant antibiotic in the adult Fenneropenaeus penicillatus with concentrations ranging from 2498 to 15,090ng/g. In addition, trimethoprim was found to be bioaccumulative in young Lutjanus russelli with a median bioaccumulation factor of 6488L/kg. Based on daily intake estimation, the erythromycin–H2O in adult F. penicillatus presented a potential risk to human safety.
This paper reports the identity negotiation experiences of first, second and 1.5 generation Chinese immigrants in Australia. Integration into the Australian larger society requires first generation ...immigrants to learn or improve their English language skills and adapt to the host cultural practices to the extent possible so that they can be accepted as a member of the mainstream society. Second and 1.5 generation immigrants have the advantage of being well-equipped with knowledge of the host cultural practices and English language skills as they were either born in the host country or migrated at a young age. However, as they grow up, they realize that it is not possible for people with Chinese ancestry to be 100% “Australian”, no matter how well they speak the English language or how closely they follow the Australian way of life. Their physical appearance sets them apart from the Anglo-Australians at first sight. Consequently, they also need to perform to the expectations of both cultural groups, and this is what they do on a daily basis. Drawing upon data from 35 semi-structured interviews with first, second and 1.5 generation Chinese in Australia, this study illustrates that shifted identity, rather than blended identity is favoured by majority of respondents as they navigate through the bicultural environment to “fit in” different contexts. The Findings from this study highlight that identification with a culture does not necessarily suggest belonging to that culture. Identification and belonging are not the same. Those findings are discussed in light of implication for theories on identities and acculturation.
This study aimed to assess removal potential of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in raw domestic wastewater by various mesocosm-scale horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands ...(CWs) planted Cyperus alternifolius L. with different design parameters. Twelve CWs with three hydraulic loading rates (HLR 10, 20 and 30cm/day) and four substrates (oyster shell, zeolite, medical stone and ceramic) were set up in order to select the best optimized wetland. The result showed that 7 target antibiotics compounds including erythromycin-H2O, lincomycin, monensin, ofloxacin, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine and novobiocin were detected, and all selected 18 genes (three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3), four tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetM, tetO and tetX), two macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), three quinolone resistance genes (qnrB, qnrD and qnrS) and four chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA, fexA, fexB and floR)) and two integrase genes (int1 and int2) were positively detected in the domestic wastewaters. The aqueous removal rates of the total antibiotics ranged from17.9 to 98.5%, while those for the total ARGs varied between 50.0 and 85.8% by the mesocosm-scale CWs. After considering their aqueous removal rates in combination with their mass removals, the CW with zeolite as the substrate and HLR of 20cm/day was selected as the best choice. Combined chemical and biological analyses indicate that both microbial degradation and physical sorption processes were responsible for the fate of antibiotics and ARGs in the wetlands. The findings from this study suggest constructed wetlands could be a promising technology for the removal of emerging contaminants such as antibiotics and ARGs in domestic wastewater.
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•Horizontal subsurface flow CWs with 4 substrates and 3 hydraulic loadings•7 antibiotics and 18 ARGs in domestic sewage significantly reduced by the CWs•The CWs with zeolite and HLR 20cm/day was the best choice for chemical removal.•Sorption and biodegradation contributed to the removal of antibiotics.
To investigate face individuation (FI), a critical brain function in the human species, an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) approach was recently introduced (Liu‐Shuang et al., ...Neuropsychologia, 2014, 52, 57). In this paradigm, an image of an unfamiliar “base” facial identity is repeated at a rapid rate F (e.g., 6 Hz) and different unfamiliar “oddball” facial identities are inserted every nth item, at a F/n rate (e.g., every 5th item, 1.2 Hz). This stimulation elicits FI responses at F/n and its harmonics (2F/n, 3F/n, etc.), reflecting neural discrimination between oddball versus base facial identities, which is quantified in the frequency domain of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This paradigm, used in 20 published studies, demonstrates substantial advantages for measuring FI in terms of validity, objectivity, reliability, and sensitivity. Human intracerebral recordings suggest that this FI response originates from neural populations in the lateral inferior occipital and fusiform gyri, with a right hemispheric dominance consistent with the localization of brain lesions specifically affecting facial identity recognition (prosopagnosia). Here, we summarize the contributions of the oddball FPVS framework toward understanding FI, including its (a)typical development, with early studies supporting the application of this technique to clinical testing (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). This review also includes an in‐depth analysis of the paradigm's methodology, with guidelines for designing future studies. A large‐scale group analysis compiling data across 130 observers provides insights into the oddball FPVS FI response properties. Overall, we recommend the oddball FPVS paradigm as an alternative approach to behavioral or traditional event‐related potential EEG measures of face individuation.
The paper reviews an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation paradigm in EEG, used in 20 published studies to date, which demonstrates substantial advantages for measuring individuation of human faces in terms of validity, objectivity, reliability, and sensitivity. It provides novel evidence for the basis of human face individuation and its (a)typical development. The extensive review also includes an in‐depth analysis of the paradigm's methodology and a large‐scale group analysis.
We demonstrated the metabolic benefits of Parabacteroides distasonis (PD) on decreasing weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Treatment with ...live P. distasonis (LPD) dramatically altered the bile acid profile with elevated lithocholic acid (LCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and increased the level of succinate in the gut. In vitro cultivation of PD demonstrated its capacity to transform bile acids and production of succinate. Succinate supplementation in the diet decreased hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice via the activation of intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN). Gavage with a mixture of LCA and UDCA reduced hyperlipidemia by activating the FXR pathway and repairing gut barrier integrity. Co-treatment with succinate and LCA/UDCA mirrored the benefits of LPD. The binding target of succinate was identified as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in IGN. The succinate and secondary bile acids produced by P. distasonis played key roles in the modulation of host metabolism.
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•Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates obesity and obesity-related dysfunctions in mice.•P. distasonis generates succinate and secondary bile acids in the gut.•P. distasonis activates intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) and FXR pathways in the gut.•Succinate is a ligand of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in IGN.
Wang et al. report the metabolic benefits of gut commensal Parabacteroides distasonis via secondary bile acid-activated FXR signaling and succinate-activated intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN). Succinate binds fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in IGN.
The focus of literary works about Chinese rural-to-urban migrant workers is often on their urban experience, in which they are mostly portrayed as a socially disadvantaged group and a deviant ...presence in urban life. The reader less frequently encounters a complementary rural narrative on migrant workers’ experience of their native countryside. This is remarkable, since the countryside holds demonstrable importance for migrant workers, and studying the associated rural narrative is essential for understanding the intricacies and diversity of the migrant worker experience as a whole. By closely reading two literary texts, Liang Hong’s nonfictional China in One Village: The Story of One Town and the Changing World (2010), and Sun Huifen’s novel Jikuan’s Carriage (2007), this paper shows the complex connection between migrant workers and the countryside, adding a key element to our understanding of this much discussed demographic, its literary representations, and of subaltern cultural production in general.
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