Island in charged black holes Ling, Yi; Liu, Yuxuan; Xian, Zhuo-Yu
The journal of high energy physics,
03/2021, Letnik:
2021, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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bstract
We study the information paradox for the eternal black hole with charges on a doubly-holographic model in general dimensions, where the charged black hole on a Planck brane is coupled to ...the baths on the conformal boundaries. In the case of weak tension, the brane can be treated as a probe such that its backreaction to the bulk is negligible. We analytically calculate the entanglement entropy of the radiation and obtain the Page curve with the presence of an island on the brane. For the near-extremal black holes, the growth rate is linear in the temperature. Taking both Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati term and nonzero tension into account, we obtain the numerical solution with backreaction in four-dimensional spacetime and find the quantum extremal surface at
t
= 0. To guarantee that a Page curve can be obtained in general cases, we propose two strategies to impose enough degrees of freedom on the brane such that the black hole information paradox can be properly described by the doubly-holographic setup.
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) functions as a neurotransmitter for non-histaminergic itch, but its site of action (sensory neurons vs spinal cord) remains controversial. To determine the role of GRP ...in sensory neurons, we generated a floxed Grp mouse line. We found that conditional knockout of Grp in sensory neurons results in attenuated non-histaminergic itch, without impairing histamine-induced itch. Using a Grp-Cre knock-in mouse line, we show that the upper epidermis of the skin is exclusively innervated by GRP fibers, whose activation via optogeneics and chemogenetics in the skin evokes itch- but not pain-related scratching or wiping behaviors. In contrast, intersectional genetic ablation of spinal Grp neurons does not affect itch nor pain transmission, demonstrating that spinal Grp neurons are dispensable for itch transmission. These data indicate that GRP is a neuropeptide in sensory neurons for non-histaminergic itch, and GRP sensory neurons are dedicated to itch transmission.
Neutrophil extracellular DNA traps (NETs) are newly discovered forms of activated neutrophils. Increasing researches have shown that NETs play important roles in cancer progression. Our previous ...study has proved that tumour‐infiltrating NETs could predict postsurgical survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the roles of NETs on the progression of pancreatic cancer are unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of NETs on pancreatic cancer cells. Results showed that both PDAC patients’ and normal individuals’ neutrophils‐derived NETs could promote migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Further, study confirmed that EGFR/ERK pathway played an important role in this progression. The addition of neutralizing antibodies for IL‐1β could effectively block the activation of EGFR/ERK companied with reduction of EMT, migration and invasion. Taken together, NETs facilitated EMT, migration and invasion via IL‐1β/EGFR/ERK pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Our study suggests that NETs may provide promising therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
Itch and pain are two distinct sensations. Although our previous study suggested that gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an itch-specific gene in the spinal cord, a long-standing question ...of whether there are separate neuronal pathways for itch and pain remains unsettled. We selectively ablated lamina I neurons expressing GRPR in the spinal cord of mice. These mice showed profound scratching deficits in response to all of the itching (pruritogenic) stimuli tested, irrespective of their histamine dependence. In contrast, pain behaviors were unaffected. Our data also suggest that GRPR⁺ neurons are different from the spinothalamic tract neurons that have been the focus of the debate. Together, the present study suggests that GRPR⁺ neurons constitute a long-sought labeled line for itch sensation in the spinal cord.
Microbiota is just beginning to be recognized as an important player in carcinogenesis and the interplay among microbes is greater than expected. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly ...lethal disease for which mortality closely parallels incidence. Early detection would provide the best opportunity to increase survival rates. Specific well-studied oral, gastrointestinal, and intrapancreatic microbes and some kinds of hepatotropic viruses and bactibilia may have potential etiological roles in pancreatic carcinogenesis, or modulating individual responses to oncotherapy. Concrete mechanisms mainly involve perpetuating inflammation, regulating the immune system-microbe-tumor axis, affecting metabolism, and altering the tumor microenvironment. The revolutionary technology of omics has generated insight into cancer microbiomes. A better understanding of the microbiota in PDAC might lead to the establishment of screening or early-stage diagnosis methods, implementation of cancer bacteriotherapy, adjustment of therapeutic efficacy even alleviating the adverse effects, creating new opportunities and fostering hope for desperate PDAC patients.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Although the standard of care in pancreatic cancer has improved, prognoses for patients remain poor with a 5-year survival rate of ...< 5%. Angiogenesis, namely, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is an important event in tumor growth and hematogenous metastasis. It is a dynamic and complex process involving multiple mechanisms and is regulated by various molecules. Inhibition of angiogenesis has been an established therapeutic strategy for many solid tumors. However, clinical outcomes are far from satisfying for pancreatic cancer patients receiving anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, we summarize the current status of angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer research and explore the reasons for the poor efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies, aiming to identify some potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic treatments.
The quiescent centre (QC) in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem is essential for stem cell organization. Here we show that the loss of REPRESSOR OF WUSCHEL1 (ROW1), a PHD domain-containing protein, ...leads to QC failure, defects in cell differentiation and ectopic expression of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) in cells that normally express ROW1. The wox5-1/row1-3 double mutants show similar phenotypes to wox5-1 indicating that WOX5 is epistatic to ROW1. ROW1 specifically binds trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) in the WOX5 promoter region to repress its transcription. QC expression of ROW1 results in a wox5-1-like phenotype with undetectable WOX5 transcripts. We propose that ROW1 is essential for QC maintenance and for stem cell niche development through the repression of WOX5 in the proximal meristem.
Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics doped with different sintering aids were synthesized by spark plasma sintering process. The microstructures, mechanical, and optical properties of the ceramics ...were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal amount of sintering aids is 0.06 wt% La2O3 + 0.16 wt% Y2O3 + 0.30 wt% MgO. The addition of La3+ and Mg2+ decreases the rate of grain boundary migration in ceramics, promotes pore elimination, and inhibits grain growth. The addition of Y3+ facilitates liquid‐phase sintering of AlON ceramics. Moreover, the addition of Mg2+ effectively promotes twin formation in the ceramics, which hinders crack propagation and dislocation motion when the ceramics are loaded. Hence, the AlON ceramic doped with 0.06 wt% La2O3 + 0.16 wt% Y2O3 + 0.30 wt% MgO exhibits a relative density of 99.95%, an average grain size of 9.42 μm, and a twin boundary content of 10.3%, which contributes to its excellent mechanical and optical properties.
Reflected entropy in double holography Ling, Yi; Liu, Peng; Liu, Yuxuan ...
The journal of high energy physics,
02/2022, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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bstract
Recently, the reflected entropy is proposed in holographic approach to describe the entanglement of a bipartite quantum system in a mixed state, which is identified as the area of the ...reflected minimal surface inside the entanglement wedge. In this paper, we study the reflected entropy in the doubly holographic setup, which contains the degrees of freedom of quantum matter in the bulk. In this context, we propose a notion of quantum entanglement wedge cross-section, which may describe the reflected entropy with higher-order quantum corrections. We numerically compute the reflected entropy in pure AdS background and black hole background in four dimensions, respectively. In general, the reflected entropy contains the contribution from the geometry on the brane and the contribution from the CFT. We compute their proportion for different Newton constants and find that their behaviors are in agreement with the results based on the semi-classical gravity and the correlation of CFT coupled to the bath CFT.
Objectives
Periodontitis is closely associated with kidney disease and reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement. Mitochondria are the primary source of both endogenous ROS and renal energy. We ...investigated whether resveratrol (RSV) prevents renal injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in periodontitis rats.
Methods
Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into control, experimental periodontitis (Ep) and Ep‐RSV groups. To induce periodontitis, a steel ligature was placed on the cervix of the bilateral first maxillary molars. RSV (50 mg/kg/day) to the Ep‐RSV group and vehicle to the Ep and control groups were gavaged. After 8 weeks, alveolar bone loss, pocket depth, gingival blood index and tooth mobility were assessed. Oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial structure, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial ROS, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) were analysed in renal. Renal function and histology were also evaluated.
Results
Compared with the control group, the Ep group showed renal structural destruction, elevated oxidative stress levels, mitochondrial structure destruction, MMP loss, mitochondrial ROS accumulation, ATP reduction, and decreased SIRT1 and PGC‐1α levels. RSV prevented these destruction (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant impairment in renal function (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Periodontitis induces mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tissues. Resveratrol exerts a preventive effect on periodontitis‐induced kidney injury by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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