Abiotic stresses have already exhibited the negative effects on crop growth and development, thereby influencing crop quality and yield. Therefore, plants have developed regulatory mechanisms to ...adopt against such harsh changing environmental conditions. Recent studies have shown that zinc finger protein transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as in stress response. C2H2 zinc finger proteins are one of the best-studied types and have been shown to play diverse roles in the plant abiotic stress responses. However, the C2H2 zinc finger network in plants is complex and needs to be further studied in abiotic stress responses. Here in this review, we mainly focus on recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms, summarize the structural and functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger proteins, and discuss the C2H2 zinc finger proteins involved in the different signal pathways in plant responses to abiotic stress.
•Zebrafish embryos were exposed to hexaconazole and tebuconazole respectively.•The whole body thyroxine levels were decreased while triiodothyronine were increased.•Transcription levels of genes in ...the HPT axis were significantly changed.•Hexaconazole and tebuconazole exposure might result in thyroid endocrine toxicity.
The widely used triazole fungicides have the potential to disrupt endocrine system, but little is known of such effects or underlying mechanisms of hexaconazole (HEX) and tebuconazole (TEB) in fish. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to various concentrations of HEX (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5mg/L) and TEB (1, 2 and 4mg/L) from fertilization to 120h post-fertilization (hpf). The whole body content of thyroid hormone and transcription of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. The results showed that thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly decreased, while triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were significantly increased after exposure to HEX and TEB, indicating thyroid endocrine disruption. Exposure to HEX significantly induced the transcription of all the measured genes (i.e., corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHβ), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), transthyretin (TTR), uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1ab), thyronine deiodinase (Dio1 and Dio2), thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ)) in the HPT axis, but did not affect the transcription of thyroglobulin (TG). However, TEB exposure resulted in the upregulation of all the measured genes, excepting that TG, Dio1and TRα had not changed significantly. The overall results indicated that exposure to HEX and TEB could alter thyroid hormone levels as well as gene transcription in the HPT axis in zebrafish larvae.
A self-terminating rapid electrodeposition process for controlled growth of platinum (Pt) monolayer films from a K 2 PtCl 4 -NaCl electrolyte has been developed that is tantamount to wet atomic layer ...deposition. Despite the deposition overpotential being in excess of 1 volt, Pt deposition was quenched at potentials just negative of proton reduction by an alteration of the double-layer structure induced by a saturated surface coverage of underpotential deposited H (H upd ). The surface was reactivated for further Pt deposition by stepping the potential to more positive values, where H upd is oxidized and fresh sites for the adsorption of PtCl 4 2- become available. Periodic pulsing of the potential enables sequential deposition of two-dimensional Pt layers to fabricate films of desired thickness, relevant to a range of advanced technologies.
A
bstract
In this work we present solutions to Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations corresponding to conformal block wavefunctions of non-Abelian Ising-like and Fibonacci Anyons. We solve these ...equations around regular singular points in configuration space in terms of hypergeometric functions and derive explicit monodromy representations of the braid group action. This confirms the correct non-Abelian statistics of the solutions. One novelty of our approach is that we explicitly keep track of spin basis states and identify conformal blocks uniquely with such states at relevant points in moduli space.
We present X-ray crystal truncation rods measurements of Pt(111) surface under electrochemical conditions. Analyses of crystal truncation rods reveal that surface oxide formation buckles the top ...surface layer of platinum to two different heights at the potential (0.95 V vs RHE) below the so-called place-exchange potential. While the anti-Bragg intensity, sensitive to the top surface layer, drops in response to the anodic charge transfers, its responses to the cathodic charge transfers are significantly delayed. Implications to the surface oxidation and reduction behaviors are discussed.
•The activity of KNO3/CaO related to the basic strength and the amount of basic site.•The basicity of KNO3/CaO depends on the KNO3 loading and calcination temperature.•The glycerol conversion for the ...fresh KNO3/CaO(15%,700) catalyst reaches 99.23%.•At the fifth recycling of KNO3/CaO(15%,700), the glycerol conversion reaches 94.95%.•A plausible deactivation mechanism about KNO3/CaO catalyst is proposed.
Various heterogeneous KNO3/CaO catalysts with different KNO3 loadings are prepared and used for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. It is found that the basicity of KNO3/CaO catalyst depends on the KNO3 loading and calcination temperature. Under the dimethyl carbonate/glycerol molar ratio of 3.0, reaction temperature of 70°C, and reaction time of 2h, the glycerol conversion for the fresh KNO3/CaO(15%, 700) catalyst can reach 99.23%. Recycling experiments reveal that 94.95% of glycerol conversion can be obtained at the fifth reuse for the recovered KNO3/CaO(15%, 700), which is much higher than that of unmodified CaO.
Trichomes are common appendages originating and projecting from the epidermal cell layer of most terrestrial plants. They act as a first line of defense and protect plants against different types of ...adverse environmental factors. GL3/EGL3-GL1-TTG1 transcriptional activator complex and GIS family genes regulate trichome initiation through gibberellin (GA) signaling in
Here, our novel findings show that TOE1/TOE2, which are involved in developmental timing, control the initiation of the main-stem inflorescence trichome in
Phenotype analysis showed that the
transgenic line increases trichome density of the main-stem inflorescence in
, while
,
,
and
have the opposite phenotypes. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that
/
positively regulate the expression of
and
In addition, protein-protein interaction analysis experiments further demonstrated that TOE1/TOE2 interacting with GIS/GIS2/ZFP8 regulate trichome initiation in
. Furthermore, phenotype and expression analysis also demonstrated that TOE1 is involved in GA signaling to control trichome initiation in
. Taken together, our results suggest that TOE1/TOE2 interact with GIS to control trichome development in
This report could provide valuable information for further study of the interaction of TOE1/TOE2 with GIS in controlling trichome development in plants.
Sedentary behaviour (SB) and physical activity (PA) have been shown to be associated with depression. However, behaviours, such as PA, occupy a portion of an individual's 24-h day. Thus, an increase ...in time for one behaviour takes away time from another. Previous evidence suggests that it would be more appropriate to shift the focus to the importance of reallocating time spent in sedentary behaviour to time spent in physical activity. The aim of this study was to analyse the mutual replacement effect of different health behaviours on depressive tendencies by isotemporal substitution modelling (ISM) under the objective condition of considering a limited 24-h day. Second, we aimed to further explore the potential association between excessive or insufficient sleep duration and depressive symptoms.
A total of 10656 employees from 79 companies in four provinces of China participated in this survey. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure workers' depressive tendencies. The duration of various types of physical activity was self-reported by workers based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). ISM was used to assess the associations of time spent in different activities on displacement of equivalent time spent on other activities with depression risk.
A total of 10656 participants (89.5% of the sample) were included in the analysis. The ISM found that a 30-min unit of SB replaced with walking (OR, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.77-0.88), sleep (≤ 8 h) (OR, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.74-0.79), moderate physical activity (MPA) (OR, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.81-0.93) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) (OR, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.84-0.99) was significantly and negatively associated with the risk of depressive tendencies. When sleep duration was less than 8 h, each additional half hour of sleep time was significantly associated with a lower risk of depressive tendencies, and this association was no longer significant after 8 h.
Prolonged SB is common in the current workplace in China. Replacing an average of 30 min per day of SB with VPA and MPA, even walking is associated with less depression among workers. In addition, insufficient daily sleep is also an important risk factor for workers' depressive tendencies. These findings provide valuable evidence to promote mental health among occupational groups and support the development of healthy workplaces.
Multiple phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin, play vital roles in regulating cell development in the root epidermis. However, their interactions in specific root hair cell ...developmental stages are largely unexplored. To bridge this gap, we employed genetic and pharmacological approaches as well as transcriptional analysis in order to dissect their distinct and overlapping roles in root hair initiation and elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that among auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin, only ethylene induces ectopic root hair cells in wild-type plants, implying a special role of ethylene in the hair initiation stage. In the subsequent elongation stage, however, auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin enhance root hair tip growth equally. Our data also suggest that the effect of cytokinin is independent from auxin and ethylene in this process. Exogenous cytokinin restores root hair elongation when the auxin and ethylene signal is defective, whereas auxin and ethylene also sustain elongation in the absence of the cytokinin signal. Notably, transcriptional analyses demonstrated that auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin regulate a similar set of root hair-specific genes. Together these analyses provide important clues regarding the mechanism of hormonal interactions and regulation in the formation of single-cell structures.
Self-terminating electrodeposition was used to grow ultrathin Pt overlayers on 111 textured Au thin films. The Pt thickness was digitally controlled by pulsed potential deposition that enabled the ...influence of overlayer thickness on electrocataytic reactions, such as methanol and formic acid oxidation, to be examined. Bimetallic and ensemble effects associated with submonolayer coverage of Pt on Au yield enhanced catalysis. For films grown using one deposition pulse, the peak rate of CH3OH oxidation was enhanced by a factor of 4 relative to bulk Pt. The overlayer consisted of 2 nm diameter monolayer Pt islands that covered 75% of the surface; however, voltammetric cycling resulted in a loss of the enhanced activity associated with the as-deposited submonolayer films. For thicker Pt films, the electrocatalytic activity decreased monotonically with thickness until bulk Pt behavior was obtained beyond three monolayers. For HCOOH oxidation improvements in the Pt area, normalized activity in excess of a 100-fold were observed for submonolayer Pt films. The performance improved with voltammetric cycling as a result of a combination of Pt dissolution, Au segregation, and Pt–Au alloy formation. The maximum activity was associated with fractional surface coverage between 0.28 and 0.21, although the films were subject to a deactivation process at longer times related to a diffusional process. Bulk Pt behavior for formic acid oxidation was observed for Pt films greater than three monolayers in thickness.
PDF
