Ceria-supported Ni, Ru and NiRu catalysts have been tested in the catalytic decomposition of ammonia to yield hydrogen and their performance in long-term tests has been compared to alumina-supported ...Ni and Ru samples. The catalysts have been characterized by XRD, TPR, NH3-TPD, HAADF-STEM, SEM, BET and XPS. Ceria-based samples are more active in ammonia decomposition with respect to their alumina-based counterparts, which has been ascribed to a particular metal-support interaction, while acidity does not seem to play an important role. Ru-based catalysts are more active than Ni-based samples, but they deactivate rapidly, in particular the Ru/Al2O3 sample. This is ascribed to loss of exposed Ru, as demonstrated by XPS and HAADF-STEM. Considering the high cost and limited availability of Ru, the Ni/CeO2 catalyst appears as a promising system for ammonia decomposition due to its good performance and low cost. In situ XPS experiments reveal that the active sites for the catalytic decomposition of ammonia are metallic Ni and Ru. Bimetallic NiRu catalysts do not outperform their monometallic counterparts, irrespective of the order in which the metals are added.
Because of the problems associated with the generation and storage of hydrogen in portable applications, the use of ammonia has been proposed for on-site production of hydrogen through ammonia ...decomposition. First, an analysis of the existing systems for ammonia decomposition and the challenges for this technology are presented. Then, the state of the art of the catalysts used to date for ammonia decomposition is described considering the catalysts composed of noble and non-noble metals and their combinations, as well as novel materials such as alkali metal amides and imides. The effect of the supports and promoters used is analyzed in detail, and the catalytic activity obtained is compared. An analysis of the kinetics of the reaction obtained with different catalysts is also presented and discussed, including the reaction mechanism, the determining step of the reaction, and the apparent activation energy. Finally, the structured reactors used to date for the decomposition reaction of ammonia are explored, as well as the possibilities offered by catalytic membrane reactors, which allow the on-site simultaneous production and separation of hydrogen.
By carefully mixing Pd metal nanoparticles with CeO2 polycrystalline powder under dry conditions, an unpredicted arrangement of the Pd‐O‐Ce interface is obtained in which an amorphous shell ...containing palladium species dissolved in ceria is covering a core of CeO2 particles. The robust contact that is generated at the nanoscale, along with mechanical forces generated during mixing, promotes the redox exchange between Pd and CeO2 and creates highly reactive and stable sites constituted by PdOx embedded into CeO2 surface layers. This specific arrangement outperforms conventional Pd/CeO2 reference catalysts in methane oxidation by lowering light‐off temperature by more than 50°C and boosting the reaction rate. The origin of the outstanding activity is traced to the structural properties of the interface, modified at the nanoscale by mechanochemical interaction.
Pd–CeO2 in the shell: Palladium embedded in an amorphous ceria shell covering a core of CeO2 particles promotes Pd–CeO2 interactions and boosts the rate of methane oxidation relative to conventional Pd/CeO2 reference catalysts.
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•Ni/P25 TiO2 and Au/P25 TiO2 afford similar H2 production rates in alcohol-water mixtures.•Ni/P25 TiO2 outperforms Au/P25 TiO2 in methanol-water mixtures under UV excitation.•H2 ...production rates depend on the alcohol hole scavenger and alcohol concentration.•At 10 vol%, rates follow the order glycerol > ethylene glycol > methanol > ethanol.•At 40 vol%, rates follow the order methanol > ethylene glycol > glycerol > ethanol.
This study systematically compares the performance of 0.5 wt% Ni/P25 TiO2 and 2 wt% Au/P25 TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production in alcohol-water mixtures under UV excitation. HRTEM, XANES and EXAFS confirmed the presence of 5–8 nm Ni0 and Au0 nanoparticles on the surface of the photocatalysts. H2 production tests were conducted in various alcohol-water systems (0–100 vol%), using methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol. The Ni/P25 TiO2 and Au/P25 TiO2 photocatalysts demonstrated remarkably similar performance for hydrogen production in all the alcohol-water systems tested. At low alcohol concentrations (15 vol% or less), H2 production rates followed the order glycerol > ethylene glycol > methanol > ethanol, whilst at higher alcohol concentrations methanol (optimum 40 vol%) and ethanol (optimum 80–90 vol%) afforded the highest rates. Rates depended on the polarity and oxidation potential of the alcohol. Further, anatase-rutile heterojunctions in P25 TiO2 were found to greatly enhance H2 production.
Four different nanoshapes of cerium dioxide have been prepared (polycrystals, rods, cubes, and octahedra) and have been decorated with different metals (Ru, Pd, Au, Pt, Cu, and Ni) by incipient ...wetness impregnation (IWI) and ball milling (BM) methods. After an initial analysis based on oxygen consumption from CO2 pulse chemisorption, Ni-like metal, and two forms of CeO2 cubes and rods were selected for further research. Catalysts were characterized using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller formula (BET), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and CO2 pulse chemisorption, and used to reduce of CO2 into CO (CO2 splitting). Adding metals to cerium dioxide enhanced the ability of CeO2 to release oxygen and concomitant reactivity toward the reduction of CO2. The effect of the metal precursor and concentration were evaluated. The highest CO2 splitting value was achieved for 2% Ni/CeO2-rods prepared by ball milling using Ni nitrate (412 µmol/gcat) and the H2 consumption (453.2 µmol/gcat) confirms the good redox ability of this catalyst.
Catalysts used for heterogeneous processes are usually composed of metal nanoparticles dispersed over a high–surface-area support. In recent years, near-ambient pressure techniques have allowed ...catalyst characterization under operating conditions, overcoming the pressure gap effect. However, the use of model systems may not truly represent the changes that occur in real catalysts (the so-called material gap effect). Supports can play an important role in the catalytic process by providing new active sites and may strongly affect both the physical and chemical properties of metal nanoparticles. We used near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to show that the surface rearrangement of bimetallic (rhodium-palladium) nanoparticles under working conditions for ethanol steam reforming with real catalysts is strongly influenced by the presence of a reducible ceria support.
This Review discusses novel catalytic pathways of lignocellulosic biomass to value‐added chemicals including biomass‐derived sugar alcohols, organic acids, furans and biohydrocarbons. These ...production approaches are undertaken by biological, chemical and thermochemical transformations or a combination of them. Nevertheless, the majority of research in this area is focused on the design of heterogeneous catalysts to convert value‐added products from holocellulosic biomass. Biorefineries represent the peak of biomass processes in order to produce valuable chemicals and liquid fuels avoiding the utilization of corroding and toxic elements. The aim of the present Review is to offer the readers a broad overview of recent holocellulosic‐based chemical and fuels production technologies via heterogeneous catalysis. There is also an overview of the economic aspects to efficiently produce these platform chemicals at industrial scale. To summarize this Review, an outlook and conclusions of the reported processes to date is provided.
Biomass valorization: This Review discusses most recent advances on catalytic pathways of holocellulosic biomass to value‐added chemicals such as biomass‐derived sugar alcohols, organic acids, furans and biohydrocarbons. The goal is to provide a general overview of the wide spectrum of recent catalytic production technologies and the correlation between their physicochemical properties as well as the economic aspects to efficiently scale up the synthesis of these platform chemicals industrially.
The steam reforming of ethanol (ESR) has been studied by near ambient pressure XPS (NAP-XPS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) under ...in situ conditions in the ALBA synchrotron facility at 200–580 °C and S/C = 3 over different cobalt-based catalysts that showed different catalytic performances: Co3Si2O52(OH)2 (Co-talc), Co2Mg4Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O (Co-hydrotalcite shortened to Co-HT) calcined at 550 °C, and Co3O4 (Co-spinel). Both Co-spinel and Co-talc yield to a greater or lesser degree metallic cobalt under ESR conditions. While Co-spinel shows a complete reduction to metallic cobalt under the conditions used for the XANES measurements, the more bulk-sensitive Co-talc sample exhibits only a partial reduction. On the other hand, under the ESR conditions used with the NAP-XPS, a more surface sensitive technique, the results indicate a higher reduction degree for the Co-talc sample in comparison to the Co-spinel sample. In contrast, the catalyst prepared from the Co-HT does not show metallic cobalt traces under the experimental conditions used with both techniques. On comparison of these three cobalt-based catalysts, the stable operation exhibited by Co-HT under ESR reaction conditions is justified by the absence of metallic cobalt formation under in situ conditions, which is identified as being responsible for the carbon deposition phenomenon that triggers the deactivation suffered by most cobalt-based catalysts during ESR.
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