Surface topography, as one of the significant roles in surface integrity, has a great impact on the performances and service life of the machined parts. This research focuses on the surface ...topography model for the ball-nose end miller in machining of AISI P20 steel. First, the model is developed to predict the surface topography and surface roughness in ball-nose end milling process. Secondly, the accuracy of the developed surface topography model was verified by a series of milling experiments. Thirdly, the effects of corner radius and diameter of ball-nose end miller on surface roughness is analyzed, it is observed that the ratio of feed per tooth (
f
z
) to radial depth of cutting (
a
e
) for obtaining minimum surface roughness is related to the ratio of diameter (
D
) to corner radius (
r
) of ball-nose end miller. Finally, in terms of the minimum surface roughness, a mathematical model is established with consideration of corner radius and diameter of ball-nose end miller. This research indicates that proper selection of cutting parameters (
f
z
and
a
e
) with consideration of diameter and radius corner of ball-nose end miller is a novel avenue for acquiring desired surface roughness.
Objectives
There currently lacks a noninvasive and accurate method to distinguish benign and malignant ovarian lesion prior to treatment. This study developed a deep learning algorithm that ...distinguishes benign from malignant ovarian lesion by applying a convolutional neural network on routine MR imaging.
Methods
Five hundred forty-five lesions (379 benign and 166 malignant) from 451 patients from a single institution were divided into training, validation, and testing set in a 7:2:1 ratio. Model performance was compared with four junior and three senior radiologists on the test set.
Results
Compared with junior radiologists averaged, the final ensemble model combining MR imaging and clinical variables had a higher test accuracy (0.87 vs 0.64,
p
< 0.001) and specificity (0.92 vs 0.64,
p
< 0.001) with comparable sensitivity (0.75 vs 0.63,
p
= 0.407). Against the senior radiologists averaged, the final ensemble model also had a higher test accuracy (0.87 vs 0.74,
p
= 0.033) and specificity (0.92 vs 0.70,
p
< 0.001) with comparable sensitivity (0.75 vs 0.83,
p
= 0.557). Assisted by the model’s probabilities, the junior radiologists achieved a higher average test accuracy (0.77 vs 0.64, Δ = 0.13,
p
< 0.001) and specificity (0.81 vs 0.64, Δ = 0.17,
p
< 0.001) with unchanged sensitivity (0.69 vs 0.63, Δ = 0.06,
p
= 0.302). With the AI probabilities, the junior radiologists had higher specificity (0.81 vs 0.70, Δ = 0.11,
p
= 0.005) but similar accuracy (0.77 vs 0.74, Δ = 0.03,
p
= 0.409) and sensitivity (0.69 vs 0.83, Δ = -0.146,
p
= 0.097) when compared with the senior radiologists.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that artificial intelligence based on deep learning can assist radiologists in assessing the nature of ovarian lesions and improve their performance.
Key Points
• Artificial Intelligence based on deep learning can assess the nature of ovarian lesions on routine MRI with higher accuracy and specificity than radiologists.
• Assisted by the deep learning model’s probabilities, junior radiologists achieved better performance that matched those of senior radiologists.
Cutting force prediction is very important for optimizing machining parameters ahead of the costly physical test. Ball-end milling operation is widely used for machining sculptured surface. ...Mechanistic approach can precisely predict elemental cutting force at each cutting element and integrate them into the cutter tooth with high fidelity to predict the cutting force for ball-end milling operation. However, the intersection between the cutting tool and workpiece could be complicated due to the trochoid motion trajectory of cutting edge and constantly changing workpiece geometry, making it difficult to determine the cutter-workpiece engagement (CWE) and undeformed chip thickness (UCT). In this present research, a modified cutting force prediction model was developed with considering the true trajectory of cutting edge and in-process workpiece geometry in ball-end milling operation. First, a triangular mesh model of the in-process workpiece surface was developed, and its mesh points were continuously updated by the intersection between the vertical reference line of the selected mesh point and the motion trajectory of cutting edge. Secondly, the UCT was calculated directly using the linear distance between a selected point on the cutting edge and the intersection between the radial reference line of the selected point and the triangular mesh of the in-process workpiece surface. Meanwhile, the CWE was expressed as a step function of UCT. Thirdly, a modified mechanistic approach was established by incorporation into the developed UCT and CWE models. The cutting force of ball-end milling operation was predicted with mechanistic approaches. Finally, ball-end milling experiments of AISI P20 steel were carried out for calibrating cutting force coefficients and validating cutting force model. The relative error between the predicted and measured cutting force is less than 15%, which indicates the predicted cutting force is in good agreement with measured cutting force. The works presented in this paper are one important step for optimizing machining parameters and compensating cutting force induced form error, which could improve the surface accuracy and machining efficiency.
Urothelial carcinoma is subdivided into luminal (L), basal (B), and p53-wild-type (WT) molecular subtypes, with basal and p53-WT groups showing more aggressive course and poor treatment response, ...respectively. The literature on molecular subtypes of UC includes a mixture of different stages. We investigated the molecular profile and outcome of pure cohort of muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC) considering two distinct patterns of muscularis propria (MP) invasion. Forty-three cystectomies harboring stage pT2 were retrospectively identified in 18 years. MP invasion was subclassified into patterns 1 (tumor encasing intact detrusor muscle bundles) and 2 (tumor dissecting/replacing detrusor muscle). Using IHC, B/L phenotypes, p53, and Ki67 were assessed, and survival data was collected. Pattern 1 invasion was noted in 16 (37%) and pattern 2 in 27 (63%), with mean age of pattern 1 being 10 years younger. B/L phenotypes were successfully determined in 83.7%; 48.8% and 34.8% revealed L and B phenotypes, respectively (indeterminate phenotype in 16.4%). Pattern 1 was associated with L phenotype (GATA3 and HER-2 expressions: p = 0.02 & p = 0.04, respectively). Ki67 ≥ 5/10HPF was noted in pattern 2 and B phenotype (p = 0.03). B phenotype showed association with p53-WT (p = 0.007). In median follow-up of 60.7 months, 63.6% of pattern 1 cases were alive without disease compared to 32% of pattern 2 (not significant). A panel of CK20 and GATA3 for luminal and CK5/6 and CK14 for basal subtypes can provide reliable molecular classification in UC. Also, morphology of MIBC can predict the molecular phenotype and the behavior of the UC.
Machined surface topography prediction is an important and useful tool for optimizing cutting parameters. However, accurate prediction of machined surface topography in ball-end milling operation has ...been extremely challenging, due to the complexity in tool-workpiece interaction induced by the trochoidal motion of cutting edge and computing burden. In this present research, a modified iterative approach was proposed to solve the intersections between the cutting-edge sweeping surface and the discrete Z-vector model of workpiece, which were used to predict the machined surface topography in ball-end milling operation. Firstly, the accurate model of cutting-edge sweeping surface was established utilizing homogeneous coordinate transformation, in which the tool runout was considered. Secondly, the cutting-edge sweeping surface was dispersed into a series of patches in accordance with equal parameter interval, and the in-cut patch was extracted by using the minimum and maximum axial immersion angle of the cutting edge. Thirdly, the intersection between each in-cut patch and discrete Z-vector was solved using the Newton’s method, which was used to update the endpoint of the corresponding discrete Z-vector. Finally, ball-end milling experiments of AISI P20 steel were carried out to validate the proposed approach as well as investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the machined surface topography and roughness. The predicted machined surface topography and roughness were in good agreement with the measured results. Moreover, the proposed approach needs less computing time than the traditional iterative approaches at the same predicting accuracy. This research also provides guidance for optimizing cutting parameters to control surface quality in ball-end milling operation.
Temporal and spatial variations in the ocean surface mixed layer are important for the climate and ecological systems. During 1980–2019, the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) mixed layer depth (MLD) ...displays a basin‐wide shoaling trend that is absent in the other basins within 40°S–40°N. The SIO MLD shoaling is mostly prominent in austral winter with deep climatology MLD, substantially weakening the MLD seasonality. Moreover, the SIO MLD changes are primarily caused by a southward shift of the subtropical anticyclonic winds and hence ocean gyre, associated with a strengthening of the Southern Annular Mode, in recent decades for both winter and summer. However, the poleward‐shifted subtropical ocean circulation preferentially shoals the SIO MLD in winter when the meridional MLD gradient is sharp but not in summer when the gradient is flat. This highlights the distinct subtropical MLD response to meridional mitigation in winds due to different background oceanic conditions across seasons.
Plain Language Summary
The ocean surface mixed layer (ML) is a well‐mixed layer with uniform physical and chemical properties and is key for the ocean in exchanging materials and energy with the atmosphere. The present study shows that during 1980–2019, the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) ML depth (MLD) displays a basin‐wide decreasing trend, which is absent in the other basins within 40°S–40°N. The SIO MLD shoaling primarily appears in austral winter when the climatology ML is deep but is insignificant in summer, substantially weakening the MLD seasonality. The SIO MLD changes are primarily explained by the ocean dynamical adjustment driven by the surface zonal wind changes. Specifically, the strengthened Southern Annular Mode in recent decades drives southward shifts of the subtropical anticyclonic winds and ocean gyre year‐round. However, the poleward‐shifted ocean gyre preferentially decreases the SIO winter MLD as the meridional MLD gradient is sharp and thus efficiently reduces the deep ML water converging from the Southern Ocean into the SIO. In contrast, the SIO MLD displays negligible change in summer when its meridional gradient is flat. The results highlight that despite under nearly identical southward‐shifted subtropical winds, the winter and summer MLD responses are distinct due to different background oceanic conditions.
Key Points
The seasonality of the Southern Indian Ocean surface mixed layer (ML) depth prominently weakens during 1980–2019
The weakened seasonality mainly results from a pronounced winter ML shoaling
The southward shift of the subtropical ocean gyre driven by the strengthened Southern Annular Mode dominates the ML shoaling
Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) are considered as immunohistochemical hallmarks of breast cancers; however, there are breast tumors lacking these markers. Clinicopathological ...characterization of CK7 negative breast cancer has not been addressed previously and similar studies on GATA3 negative tumors are limited.
This study included 196 consecutive cases of Nottingham Grade 3 breast cancers with 159 cases of Grade 1 and Grade 2 tumors for comparison. CK7 and GATA3 expression was correlated with patient's age, histological type, pathological grade and stage, hormone receptor status, molecular subtype and overall survival.
CK7 negativity was seen in 13% of Grade 3, 9% of Grade 2, and 2% of Grade 1 cases (P = 0.0457). Similarly, 28% of Grade 3, 5% of Grade 2 and 2% of Grade 1 cases were GATA3 negative (P < 0.0001). CK7 negative tumors did not show association with other clinicopathological parameters. GATA3 negative tumors were enriched in the basal-like molecular subgroup and were associated with negative estrogen receptor (ER) and negative progesterone receptor (PR) statuses. Both CK7 and GATA3 expression showed no association with overall survival in patients with Grade 3 tumor.
This is the first study to characterize CK7 negative breast tumors in the context of clinicopathology. Profiling the CK7 negative and GATA3 negative breast cancers helps to understand the biology of these specific tumor subgroups and may aid in their diagnosis.
Medullary carcinoma of the colon is a unique histologic subtype of microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinoma but little is known regarding its tumor-immunoregulatory microenvironment. The aims of ...this study were to characterize the immune environment of medullary carcinoma and compare it with other microsatellite unstable and microsatellite stable colorectal carcinomas. An initial gene expression microarray analysis of six cases of medullary carcinoma was used to detect potentially differentially expressed genes. We extended this analysis utilizing genomic data from the Cancer Genome Atlas to compare eight cases of medullary carcinoma with other microsatellite unstable and stable carcinomas. Finally, we evaluated expression of key immune pathway proteins and lymphocyte subsets via immunohistochemistry of a large group of medullary carcinomas (n=105) and compared these findings with three other groups: poorly differentiated, microsatellite unstable well-differentiated and microsatellite stable well-differentiated carcinomas. Microarray and the Cancer Genome Atlas data analysis identified significant upregulation of several immunoregulatory genes induced by IFNγ including IDO-1, WARS (tRNA(trp)), GBP1, GBP4, GBP5, PDCD1 (PD-1), and CD274 (PD-L1) in medullary carcinoma compared with other microsatellite unstable and microsatellite stable tumors. By immunohistochemistry, IDO-1 was expressed in 64% of medullary carcinomas compared with 19% (9/47) of poorly differentiated carcinomas, 14% (3/22) of microsatellite unstable, and 7% (2/30) of the microsatellite stable well-differentiated carcinomas (P<0.0001). tRNA(trp) was overexpressed in 81% (84/104) of medullary carcinomas, 19% (9/47) of poorly differentiated, 32% (7/22) of microsatellite unstable, and 3% (1/30) of microsatellite stable well-differentiated carcinomas (P<0.0001). Medullary carcinoma had higher mean CD8+ and PD-L1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with all other groups (P<0.0001). This study demonstrates overexpression of several immunoregulatory genes in microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinomas and that expression of these genes and proteins is more prevalent in the medullary carcinoma subtype, which may be of use both diagnostically and therapeutically.
Serology testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is increasingly being used during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), although its clinical ...and epidemiologic utilities are still debatable. Characterizing these assays provides scientific basis to best use them. The current study assessed one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott COVID‐2 IgG) and two lateral flow assays (STANDARD Q SQ IgM/IgG Duo and Wondfo total antibody test) using 113 blood samples from 71 PCR‐confirmed COVID‐19 hospitalized patients, 119 samples with potential cross‐reactions, and 1068 negative controls including 942 pre‐pandemic samples. SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM antibodies became detectable 3‐4 days post‐symptom onset using SQ IgM test and IgG antibodies were first detected 5‐6 days post‐onset using SQ IgG. Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total were able to detect antibodies 7 to 8 days post‐onset. After 14 days post‐symptom onset, the SQ IgG, Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total tests were able to detect antibodies from 100% of the PCR‐confirmed patients in this series; 87.5% sensitivity for SQ IgM. Overall agreement was 88.5% between SQ IgM/IgG and Wondfo Total and 94.6% between SQ IgG and Abbott IgG. No cross‐reaction due to recent sera with three of the endemic coronaviruses was observed. Viral hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main source of limited cross‐reactions. The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total, 99.62% for Abbott IgG, and 98.87% for SQ IgM. These findings demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of appropriately validated SARS‐CoV‐2 serologic assays with implications for clinical use and epidemiological seroprevalence studies.
Research Highlights
The validation included two lateral flow assays (Wondfo Total Antibody and SQ IgM/IgG combo) and one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott IgG)
All tests except SQ IgM performed well with excellent sensitivities 2 weeks after symptom onset.
The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total, 99.62% for Abbott IgG, and 98.87% for SQ IgM based on 1068 negative controls.
Hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main sources of limited cross‐reactions.
Developments in genomic pathology have led to novel molecular classification schemes in gastric cancers. Two of these new subtypes, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated and microsatellite ...instability-high (MSI-H), are associated with a dominant T-cell-mediated immune response. The roles of the immune modulators, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS), have not been investigated in the context of this classification.
Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we subclassified 421 primary gastric adenocarcinomas into 5 subtypes, EBV-associated, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, MSI-H, p53-aberrant, and p53-wildtype tumors. Tumor-infiltrative lymphocytes were counted and protein expression of IDO1 and WARS was graded on tissue microarrays of these 421 tumors. High tumor-infiltrative lymphocytes as well as high expression of both IDO1 and WARS was found in EBV and MSI-H tumors. The prognostic effects of IDO1 and WARS expression were tumor subtype dependent. Although high expression levels of IDO1 and WARS were associated with poor prognosis in p53-aberrant, p53-wildtype, and all cancers combined, WARS expression was associated with better prognosis in MSI tumors.
The immunomodulators, IDO1 and WARs, are upregulated and have prognostic significance in EBV-associated and MSI-H tumors. Novel therapies targeting these proteins should be considered in the treatment of these patients.
PDF
