Adipose tissue in control of metabolism Luo, Liping; Liu, Meilian
Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology,
12/2016, Letnik:
231, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy ...in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.
The objective of this study was to improve the physical stability of emulsions containing oil droplets stabilized by hydrolyzed rice glutelin (HRG) by coating them with anionic polysaccharides. ...Polysaccharide type and concentration had a strong influence on the properties of the coated droplets. Smaller particles with better pH-stability could be formed from xanthan gum or pectin than from alginate or gum arabic. The impact of environmental stresses on the stability of oil droplets coated with HRG-xanthan gum or HRG-pectin complexes was tested by measuring the impact of salt addition (0–500 mM NaCl, pH 3.5) and thermal processing (30–90 °C 30 min, 0 mM NaCl, pH 3.5). The emulsions containing xanthan gum were stable at all NaCl concentrations, whereas those containing pectin were only stable at low salt levels. Emulsions containing xanthan gum or pectin were stable to thermal processing. The improved stability of the emulsions containing the polysaccharides can be attributed to an increase in electrostatic and steric repulsion between the droplets. These results are useful for expanding the application of rice glutelin as a functional ingredient in the food industry.
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•Stability of hydrolyzed rice glutelin (HRG) emulsions is improved by adding polysaccharides.•Pectin or xanthan gum gave better stability than alginate or gum arabic in HRG emulsions.•Xanthan gum gave better salt stability than pectin in HRG emulsions.•Xanthan gum gave better heat stability than pectin in HRG emulsions.
The influence of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) on the structure, solubility, rheology, and emulsifying properties of rice glutelin was investigated. Structural properties were characterized using ...analysis of molecular weight distribution, surface hydrophobicity, intrinsic fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra. Protein hydrolysis changed molecular weight, increased flexibility, altered surface hydrophobicity, and increased solubility. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared from rice glutelin with different DH (0.5%, 2%, and 6%) and their stability to storage, pH, salt, and thermal processing was assessed. The storage, pH, salt, and temperature stability of the emulsions increased with decreasing hydrolysis. Emulsions prepared with 2% DH rice glutelin were stable over a range of environmental conditions: pH 7–9; NaCl <100 mM (pH 7); temperatures < 90 °C (pH 7, 0 mM NaCl) studied. These results will facilitate the formulation and production of natural emulsion-based products using rice glutelin as an emulsifier.
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•Rice glutelin hydrolysates exhibited more flexible structures than native proteins.•Label-friendly stable emulsions were prepared from rice glutelin hydrolysates.•Emulsion stability depended on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of rice glutelin.•Rice glutelin with 2% DH gave the best emulsion stability.
The outage performance is investigated for a cognitive relay system with underlay spectrum sharing model. It is shown that the dependence among the received SNRs is introduced due to the interference ...power constraint. The joint probability of the received SNRs is derived. By considering the dependence for the case of null decoding set, a tight lower bound on the outage probability is obtained. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical analyses.
Ag@C fibres with porous silver structure were synthesized with a surface-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibre as a template and by a hydrazine hydrate reduction and carbonization process. The ...composition and structure of the Ag@C fibres were characterized with a scanning electron microscope, an X-ray diffractometer, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, and a thermogravimetric analyser. The porous structure of the silver shell combined with carbon was conducive to the release of silver ions and suppressed the loss of silver nanoparticles from the surface of the carbon fibres. The Ag@C fibres showed excellent antibacterial performance. When the dosage of Ag@C fibres prepared with a silver nitrate solution of 0.5 mol/L was 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg, the bacterial inactivation rate to
Staphylococcus aureus
was 97.98%, 99.89%, 99.99%, and 99.99% in 12 h, respectively. The loss of viability only decreased to 80% when 1 mg of Ag@C fibres were used for antimicrobial activity test after five times of recycling. The Ag@C fibres have a broad application prospect in producing fabric products of antibacterial fields.
Graphical abstract
Herein, we investigated the effects of mixed collectors with varying alkyl chain lengths and ligand types on the hydrophobicity of the spodumene–feldspar flotation system. Various collector–mineral ...interactions were compared using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), in situ microcalorimetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The highest flotation separation performance can be achieved at a molar ratio of 6:1 and pH 8–9. The in situ microcalorimetry results revealed that the difference in the adsorption reaction heat of the mixed collector is larger than that of the single anionic collector. Moreover, the inconformity between the magnitude of adsorption reaction heat and the results observed for flotation recovery indicates that the heat of the reaction presumably involves the adsorption configurations of the collectors and the amounts adsorbed. In in situ ATR-FTIR with 2D-COS, it can be observed that octanohydroxamic acid/dodecylamine (OHA/DDA) is adsorbed much more intensely onto feldspar than onto spodumene due to the availability of more space on feldspar for the subsequent sorption of DDA after the prior bidentate chemisorption of OHA under alkaline conditions, whereas the sodium oleate (NaOL)/DDA adsorption sequence at pH 4–5 was the reverse of that at pH 8–9. Lastly, XPS was employed to provide further supplemental evidence for the bonding between these two minerals and single anionic/mixed collectors at the optimal pH of 8–9. In this study, the powerful in situ detection technologies can establish a new platform for exploring the underlying mechanism of new reagents at the solid–liquid interface. Moreover, the in-depth understanding related to the adsorption behavior of the mixed collector is beneficial for facilitating the selection and design of efficient and environmentally friendly flotation collectors with improved selectivity.
Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) needs to remove cobalt from diamond layer to improve wear resistance and impact resistance. The traditional cobalt removal process has low efficiency and long ...time. In this paper, a mixed solvent of hydrochloric acid and Lewis acid (FeCl3) was used as cobalt removal reagents, pressurized chemical precipitation method was used to study the cobalt removal of PDC. The effects of different reagent ratio, reaction temperature and reaction pressure on the surface morphology and de‑cobalt depth of PDC were studied. The holes morphology of PDC surface after cobalt removal was analyzed by SEM and ImageJ2x image analysis software. The fractal dimension of the holes on the PDC surface was calculated by the Area-circumference method, and the relationship between fractal dimension of hole and de‑cobalt depth was studied. The results show that the cobalt in PDC can be efficiently removed by pressure chemical precipitation method. The relationship between fractal dimension of the holes and the depth of cobalt removal is established. The cobalt removal efficiency of pressurized chemical precipitation method is higher than that of conventional acid leaching method. After cobalt removal, the wear resistance and impact toughness of PDC are further improved.
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•Cobalt removal process of pressurized chemical precipitation method•De‑cobalt depth increases by pressurized chemical precipitation method•Positive correlation between surface morphology of PDC and de‑cobalt depth.•The fractal dimension can detect quickly de‑cobalt depth
Here, the influence of grinding media with different shapes on the flotation performance of spodumene and its potential mechanism from microscale insights was investigated using a single mineral ...flotation experiment, X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The flotation data indicated that under anionic/cationic (sodium oleate (NaOL)/DDA) collectors system, the rod milled spodumene has a higher floatability than ball milled ones. XRD results confirmed that rod medium makes spodumene exposed more {110} and {100} planes, while ball medium makes spodumene exposed more {010} planes. The typical anisotropic surface of spodumene makes the surface of rod milled spodumene possess more Al sites, further confirmed by SEM-EDS and XPS results. Additionally, it was found that the rod milled spodumene presents a larger value of elongation and flatness, which are parameters closely related to bubble adhesion. AFM analysis indicated that rod milled products have a rougher surface, while ball milled products have a smoother surface. Consequently, the rod medium enhanced the adsorption of NaOL/DDA on the spodumene surfaces. This work provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the separation of spodumene from the perspective of grinding.
BACKGROUND Ferulic acid is an antioxidant phenolic compound derived from plants, which has effects on cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ferulic acid on HeLa and Caski human ...cervical carcinoma cells and the molecular mechanisms involved. MATERIAL AND METHODS HeLa and Caski human cervical carcinoma cells were grown in culture and treated with increasing doses of ferulic acid. The MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Flow cytometry was performed with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Annexin V staining for cell apoptosis. The expression of myeloid leukemia cell differentiation-1 (Mcl-1) protein and MCL-1 mRNA were determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Ferulic acid significantly reduced HeLa and Caski cell viability in the concentration range of 4-20 µM (P<0.05). Ferulic acid treatment promoted DNA condensation and significantly increased apoptosis in Caski cells (P<0.05). Ferulic acid treatment resulted in the activation of pro-caspase-3, pro-caspase-8, pro-caspase-9, and PARP. The MTT assay showed that ferulic acid did not reduce the viability of Caski cells treated with the caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. Ferulic acid reduced the levels of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and increased the levels of Bax and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In Caski cells, Akt and PI3K phosphorylation were reduced by ferulic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The effects of ferulic acid were dose-dependent and resulted in cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis of HeLa and Caski cells, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was down-regulated in Caski cells.
Based on the half-hourly Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) data product (0.1°), the fifth-generation European Center for Medium-Range Weather ...Forecasting atmospheric reanalysis dataset (ERA5), sounding data, and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW), this study explored the developmental process of a typical extreme precipitation event in Liaoning Province on 2 June 2021. This study focused on the impact of Changbai Mountain on this precipitation process and its corresponding physical mechanisms. The research findings revealed that Changbai Mountain significantly affected the precipitation event in three main aspects: blocking drag, forcing uplift, and leeside convergence. The blocking drag caused by the mountain topography led to an extension in the duration of heavy rainfall. The dynamic lifting and leeside convergence associated with the mountainous terrain also substantially increased the amount of precipitation. Furthermore, the topography hindered the movement of the Bohai Bay cold pool and enhanced the intensity of the cold pool, contributing to the sustained extreme precipitation in Liaoning Province. Lastly, the terrain sensitivity experiment demonstrated that when the height of Changbai Mountain was reduced, the convergence uplift, moisture condensation, and cold pool intensity were weakened, leading to significant changes in precipitation intensity and spatial distribution. These findings further confirm the crucial role of Changbai Mountain in the occurrence and development of local precipitation in Liaoning Province.
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