The present study was undertaken to study growth pattern of accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids from 2 weeks to 6 months of age using two-dimensional ultrasonography.
The study was conducted on ...six Beetal kids. The scanning of accessory sex glands was done in standing position using rectal probe and measurements were recorded. Data collected were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple range test was performed using the SPSS (16.0) system for windows.
With the advancement of age all the dimensions of glands increased. Both the lobes of prostate gland showed an increase in width with advancement of age. Width of prostate above the urethra (W1) showed a significant increase at 2, 10, and 20 weeks of age, whereas non-significant increase from 2 to 8, 10 to 19, and 20 to 24 weeks of age was recorded. Width of prostate below the urethra (W2) showed a significant increase at 20 weeks of age, whereas non-significant increase was recorded during rest of period of growth. Left and right bulbourethral gland showed a similar pattern of growth with the advancement of age. The circumference dimensions increased significantly at 2, 16, 20, and 21 weeks of age for both glands. The increase was non-significant from 4 to 14, 16 to 19, and 20 to 23 weeks of age. The same pattern was observed for left and right seminal vesicular gland.
Significant growth in three accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids was not observed at the same age. The trend observed was that the prostate was the first gland to show significant growth at 10 weeks of age followed by a significant increase in seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland at 14 and 16 weeks of age, respectively.
The objective of the present work was to determine whether hydrolysis in a model lyophile was influenced by general media effects with water-changing properties of the medium or via a specific ...mechanism of water as a reactant. Four formulations of zoniporide and sucrose (1:10) were prepared with variable amounts of sorbitol 0%–25% (w/v) of total solids). These formulations were then equilibrated at 6% and 11% relative humidity using saturated salt solutions. The lyophile cakes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), (isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC), solid- state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance (DFR) spectroscopy. DSC and IMC were used to assess the global molecular mobility. ssNMR relaxation times were measured to access local mobility. The DFR was used to determine the solid-state acidity expressed as the Hammett acidity function. Stability of samples was evaluated at 40°C by monitoring potency and purity by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results were interpreted in terms of the various roles of water: media effect, plasticization, polarity, and reactant. The kinetics of hydrolysis was observed to be correlated with either/both specific “chemical” effects, that is, water reactant as well as media effect, specifically global molecular mobility of the matrix. Increase in reaction rate with increase in water content is not linear and is a weaker dependence than in some hydrolytic reactions in organic solvents. A moderate amount of an inert plasticizer, sorbitol, conferred additional stabilization, possibly by restricting the amplitude and frequency of fast motions that are on a small length scale.
Background and purpose: The Eppendorf pO
2 histograph is the ‘gold standard’ method for measuring tumour oxygenation. The method is not suitable for widespread application because its use is limited ...to accessible tumours. A non-invasive imaging technique would be an attractive alternative. Therefore, the relationships between tumour oxygenation and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters were investigated.
Materials and methods: The study comprised 30 patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Tumour oxygenation was measured pre-treatment as median pO
2 and the proportion of values less than 5 mmHg (HP5) using a pO
2 histograph. Repeat measurements were obtained for nine patients following 40–45 Gy external beam radiotherapy giving a total of 39 measurements. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using gadolinium was performed prior to obtaining the oxygenation data. Time/signal intensity curves were generated to obtain two standard parameters: maximum enhancement over baseline (SI−I) and the rate of enhancement (SI−I/s).
Results: Using the 39 measurements, there was a significant correlation between SI−I and both median pO
2 (
r=0.59;
P<0.001) and HP5 (
r=−0.49;
P=0.002). There was a weak, borderline significant correlation between SI−I/s and both median pO
2 (
r=0.29;
P=0.071) and HP5 (
r=−0.34;
P=0.037). There was a significant relationship between tumour size and SI−I (
r=0.54;
P<0.001), but not SI−I/s. In 29 tumours, where data were available, there was no relationship between histological assessment of tumour angiogenesis (intra-tumour microvessel density; IMD) and either MRI parameter.
Conclusions: Tumour oxygenation levels measured using a pO
2 histograph correlate with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI parameters. Therefore, non-invasive dynamic MRI may be a method for measuring hypoxia in human tumours.
Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants Ali, Shahin Sharif; Kasoju, Naresh; Luthra, Abhinav ...
Food research international,
2008, 2008-1-00, 20080101, Letnik:
41, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Currently there has been an increased interest globally to identify antioxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and the food ...industry. As plants produce significant amount of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. Traditional herbal medicines form an important part of the healthcare system of India. Ayurveda, supposed to be the oldest medical system in the world, provides potential leads to find active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in assessing the antioxidant capacity of herbal medicine in this review we discuss about rarely reviewed 24 plants reported to have antioxidant properties. Some of the plants reviewed are part of multi-herbal preparations while others are used singly. Certain herbs like
Amaranthus paniculatus,
Aerva lanata,
Coccinia indica and
Coriandrum sativum are used as vegetables indicating that these plants could be source of dietary antioxidant supplies, which is another emerging area of research.
The secondary drying phase in freeze drying is mostly developed on a trial-and-error basis due to the lack of appropriate noninvasive process analyzers. This study describes for the first time the ...application of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, a spectroscopic and noninvasive sensor for monitoring secondary drying in laboratory-scale freeze drying with the overall purpose of targeting intermediate moisture contents in the product. Bovine serum albumin/sucrose mixtures were used as a model system to imitate high concentrated antibody formulations. First, the rate of water desorption during secondary drying at constant product temperatures (−22°C, −10°C, and 0°C) was investigated for three different shelf temperatures. Residual moisture contents of sampled vials were determined by Karl Fischer titration. An equilibration step was implemented to ensure homogeneous distribution of moisture (within 1%) in all vials. The residual moisture revealed a linear relationship to the water desorption rate for different temperatures, allowing the evaluation of an anchor point from noninvasive flow rate measurements without removal of samples from the freeze dryer. The accuracy of mass flow integration from this anchor point was found to be about 0.5%. In a second step, the concept was successfully tested in a confirmation experiment. Here, good agreement was found for the initial moisture content (anchor point) and the subsequent monitoring and targeting of intermediate moisture contents. The present approach for monitoring secondary drying indicated great potential to find wider application in sterile operations on production scale in pharmaceutical freeze drying.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of annealing on the molecular mobility in lyophilized glasses using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isothermal microcalorimetry ...(IMC) techniques. A second objective that emerged was a systematic study of the unusual pre-Tg thermal events that were observed during DSC warming scans after annealing. Aspartame lyophilized with three different excipients; sucrose, trehalose and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was studied. The aim of this work was to quantify the decrease in mobility in amorphous lyophilized aspartame formulations upon systematic postlyophilization annealing. DSC scans of aspartame:sucrose formulation (Tg = 73°C) showed the presence of a pre-Tg endotherm which disappeared upon annealing. Aspartame:trehalose (Tg = 112°C) and aspartame:PVP (Tg = 100°C) showed a broad exotherm before Tg and annealing caused appearance of endothermic peaks before Tg. This work also employed IMC to measure the global molecular mobility represented by structural relaxation time (τβ) in both un-annealed and annealed formulations. The effect of annealing on the enthalpy relaxation of lyophilized glasses, as measured by DSC and IMC, was consistent with the behavior predicted using the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) phenomenology (Luthra et al., 2007, in press). The results show that the systems annealed at Tg −15°C to Tg −20°C have the lowest molecular mobility.
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is a recently completed video compression standard jointly developed by the ITU-T VCEG and the ISO/IEC MPEG standards committees. The standard promises much higher compression than ...that possible with earlier standards. It allows coding of non-interlaced and interlaced video very efficiently, and even at high bit rates provides more acceptable visual quality than earlier standards. Further, the standard supports flexibilities in coding as well as organization of coded data that can increase resilience to errors or losses. As might be expected, the increase in coding efficiency and coding flexibility comes at the expense of an increase in complexity with respect to earlier standards.
In this paper, we first briefly introduce the video coding tools that the standard supports and how these tools are organized into profiles. As with earlier standards, the mechanism of profiles allows one to implement only a desired subset of the standard and still be interoperable with applications of interest. Next, we discuss how the various video coding tools of the standard work, as well as the related issue of how to perform encoding using these tools. We then evaluate the coding performance in terms of contribution to overall improvement offered by individual tools, options within these tools, and important combinations of tools, on a representative set of video test sequences and movie clips. Next, we discuss a number of additional elements of the standard such as, tools that provide system support, details of levels of profiles, and the issue of encoder and decoder complexity. Finally, we summarize our overview and analysis of this standard, by identifying, based on their performance, promising tools as well as options within various tools.
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