Technology-enabled state surveillance has evolved rapidly to allow real-time remote tracking and surveillance of people and vehicles and the aggregation of vast amounts of data on people and their ...movements, networks, and relationships. Facial recognition technology (FRT) comprises a suite of technologies that allows verification, identification, and categorisation by analysing a person’s facial image. Such technologies impact fundamental rights, such as privacy, freedom of expression, and freedom of assembly, but can also be used to detect, investigate, and deter serious crime and harm and to counter threats to security, thus promoting collective interests in security and public safety. These impacts have been considered in terms of scholarship and advocacy, but the shape of principled regulation is less well traversed. This contribution examines three contemporary case studies of the regulation of FRT in policing and security to analyse the challenges in regulating this technology.
This article surveys common-law jurisdictions, finding that the typical response to a homicide charge against a child is prosecution and sentencing in the adult jurisdiction. Reforms, such as ...alterations to trial procedure, and lower sentencing starting points have focussed on mitigating the excesses of adult trial and sentence. A principled approach requires a different lens. Practical strands of an age-appropriate response include custody as a last resort and only where there is a risk to public safety, an automatic prohibition on publication of identifying biographical details, and a child-specific jurisdiction. The prevailing societal interest is in reintegration.
Summary
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) has become an accepted practice in many countries and remains a focus of intense interest in the transplant community. The present study is aimed at ...providing a description of the current situation of DCD in European countries. Specific questionnaires were developed to compile information on DCD practices, activities and post‐transplant outcomes. Thirty‐five countries completed the survey. DCD is practiced in 18 countries: eight have both controlled DCD (cDCD) and uncontrolled DCD (uDCD) programs, 4 only cDCD and 6 only uDCD. All these countries have legally binding and/or nonbinding texts to regulate the practice of DCD. The no‐touch period ranges from 5 to 30 min. There are variations in ante and post mortem interventions used for the practice of cDCD. During 2008–2016, the highest DCD activity was described in the United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Data on post‐transplant outcomes of patients who receive DCD donor kidneys show better results with grafts obtained from cDCD versus uDCD donors. In conclusion, DCD is becoming increasingly accepted and performed in Europe, importantly contributing to the number of organs available and providing acceptable post‐transplantation outcomes.
Concepts underpinning the New Zealand youth justice system introduced under the Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1989 - influence of the New Zealand system worldwide - as a result of ...recent reforms, the New Zealand system is aligning itself more with the punitive adult criminal justice system - effect of these changes.
Whether and under what conditions the intrusion on the suspect's person is justified in the public interest - offence threshold level of intrusiveness and level of procedural protection are ...considered.
Recent reports suggest upsurge in violence amongst girls - uses raw apprehension and sentencing data - consider question of whether violence by girls is increasing - level of violence has fallen in ...last three years - changes to police practice and societal attitudes.
Current working with children vetting scheme in New Zealand - limitations of scheme - statutory vetting schemes in other jurisdictions - appropriate parameters of vetting - balancing child protection ...and individual rights - ensuring fair process.
The 30 years since the enactment of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has seen extensive developments in the theory and practice of children's rights. Children's rights are now ...an established academic discipline with the study of children in conflict with the law being a fundamental area of analysis. This paper takes the approach of highlighting three areas of development of children's rights scholarship in relation to the criminal justice system: children's rights, developmental science and notable themes emerging from cross-national scholarship, including age limits, diversion, effective participation and deprivation of liberty. In addition, it analyses three gaps or challenges which are "left in the too-hard basket" for the coming decades.
Abstract
The implementation of public health measures in response to the covid-19 pandemic has impacted heavily on the operation of child justice systems and places of detention, creating new ...challenges in the safeguarding and implementation of children's rights. Yet, it has also been a time of innovation, particularly in the use of technology. Using case studies from Ireland and Aotearoa New Zealand, we discuss how technology has been used to maintain the balance between restrictive yet necessary public health measures and the operation of the child justice system. Examples include remote participation in remand hearings and trial and the use of "virtual visits" for children in detention.
Children's rights scholarship and guidance from human rights bodies has largely ignored the child victim, particularly where the perpetrator of the offence is also a child. This article reviews how ...provisions of international children's rights standards deal with such situations, and highlights the lack of evidence on the extent of such victimisation and the experiences of child victims. Using two particular provisions (best interests and participation), it is argued that child victims appear primarily regarded as objects of concern rather than true rights holders. Increased recognition of "the other child" in practice and policy is urged.
PDF
