Knowledge of geographic and temporal scales of adaptive genetic variation is crucial to species conservation, yet understanding of these phenomena, particularly in marine systems, is scant. Until ...recently, the belief has been that because most marine species have highly dispersive or mobile life stages, local adaptation could occur only on broad geographic scales. This view is supported by comparatively low levels of genetic variation among populations as detected by neutral markers. Similarly, the time scale of adaptive divergence has also been assumed to be very long, requiring thousands of generations. Recent studies of a variety of species have challenged these beliefs. First, there is strong evidence of geographically structured local adaptation in physiological and morphological traits. Second, the proportion of quantitative trait variation at the among‐population level (QST) is much higher than it is for neutral markers (FST) and these two metrics of genetic variation are poorly correlated. Third, evidence that selection is a potent evolutionary force capable of sustaining adaptive divergence on contemporary time scales is summarized. The differing spatial and temporal scales of adaptive v. neutral genetic divergence call for a new paradigm in thinking about the relationship between phenogeography (the geography of phenotypic variation) and phylogeography (the geography of lineages) in marine species. The idea that contemporary selective processes can cause fine‐scale spatial and temporal divergence underscores the need for a new emphasis on Darwinian fishery science.
Abomasal lesions in cattle are challenging to diagnose because the clinical signs are often subtle and nonspecific. An increasing number of studies suggests that abomasal lesions are commonly found ...in cattle of all ages, but the number of recent prevalence studies in dairy cows is limited. The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abomasal lesions in a population of Danish Holstein dairy cattle in Denmark. An abattoir survey of 1,327 dairy cows apparently suitable for slaughter was performed in 2016 and 2017. Abomasal lesions are usually classified using a standardized protocol with the following types: abomasal ulcer type I: erosions and nonperforating ulcers; type II: ulcers with arterial bleeding; type III: perforating ulcer with localized peritonitis; and type IV: perforating ulcer with diffuse peritonitis. A further subdivision of the nonperforating abomasal ulcers type I were classified as subtype Ia: erosions; subtype Ib: small ulcers with localized hemorrhage; subtype Ic: ulcers with a crater-like appearance; and subtype Id: retention of the mucosa due to tissue loss with either radial wrinkles converging at a central point or perforations of the spiral folds. Type I abomasal lesions were found in 84% of the examined cows. No ulcers with arterial bleeding (type II) or perforating ulcers with diffuse peritonitis (type IV) were found, but one perforating abomasal ulcer (type III) was observed. The total number of lesions found was 7,418 and when the lesion subtypes were evaluated individually the majority of subtypes Ia and Ic were found in the pyloric area (85 and 94%, respectively), whereas lesion subtypes Ib and Id dominated the fundus/corpus area (71 and 67%, respectively). When considering lesion subtypes according to parity, there was a high prevalence of subtype Ib across the 3 groups of parity (51, 58, and 55% for parity 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively). The prevalence of lesion subtype Id seemed to increase with increasing parity, and the prevalence of lesion subtype Ia seemed to decrease with increasing parity. The prevalence of abomasal lesions was higher than that shown in similar studies of cattle at the time of slaughter. However, the expectedly most painful cases were rare, with only one perforating and no arterial bleeding ulcers found. The etiology of the different subtype I lesions is still unknown, and further investigations are needed to establish the possible influence these lesions might have on welfare and production.
We report on magneto-optical studies of strongly coupled quantum dot – micropillar cavity systems. Large In0.3Ga0.7As quantum dots (QDs) in the active layer of the micropillar facilitate the ...observation of strong coupling. In addition, they exhibit a particular large diamagnetic response which is exploited to demonstrate magneto-optical resonance tuning in the strong coupling regime. The magnetic field employed in Faraday configuration induces a transition from strong coupling towards the critical coupling regime which is explained in terms of a magnetic field dependent oscillator strength of the In0.3Ga0.7As QDs. We further study the coherent interaction between spin resolved states of the QDs and microcavity photon modes. A detailed oscillator model is used to extract the associated coupling parameters of the individual spin and cavity modes and reveals an effective coupling between photon modes that is mediated by the exciton spin states.
At the centromere, a network of proteins, the kinetochore, assembles in order to grant correct chromatin segregation. In this study the dynamics and molecular interactions of the inner kinetochore ...protein CENP-T were analyzed employing a variety of fluorescence microscopy techniques in living human cells. Acceptor-bleaching FRET indicates that CENP-T directly associates with CENP-A and CENP-B. CENP-T exchange into centromeres is restricted to the S-phase of the cell cycle as revealed by FRAP, suggesting a coreplicational loading mechanism, as we have recently also demonstrated for CENP-I. These properties make CENP-T one of the basic inner kinetochore proteins with most further proteins binding downstream, suggesting a fundamental role of CENP-T in kinetochore function.
The cleaning of decorative surfaces, e.g., on furniture or in automotive industry, is a time-consuming process with high maintenance costs that partly requires special cleaning chemicals as well as a ...laborious manual effort. To ease the cleaning process, easy-to-clean coatings are intensively discussed and an enormous demand of this surface functionalization in different fields of applications is forecasted by all industrial branches. Therefore, a novel and durable easy-to-clean coating based on a UV-curable clearcoat with incorporated SiO
2
particles and a thin functional polymer coating based on a zwitterionic phosphorylcholine was developed. The coating can be applied on PVC foils as well as PET foils and subsequently transferred to different decorative surfaces, e.g., via lamination or bonding. The developed three-step application process consists of a lacquering step with UV curing, a plasma surface modification, and the deposition of a thin functional polymer layer. It can be easily integrated in industrial printing or roll-to-roll processes, which are normally used for foil functionalization. With the presented coating, it is possible to remove oil impurities from the functionalized foil by pure water without the necessity of cleaning surfactants. Furthermore, the thermal, chemical, and mechanical durability of the coating will be discussed.
This article deals with trace operators on anisotropic Lizorkin–Triebel spaces with mixed norms over cylindrical domains with smooth boundary. As a preparation we include a rather self‐contained ...exposition of Lizorkin–Triebel spaces on manifolds and extend these results to mixed‐norm Lizorkin–Triebel spaces on cylinders in Euclidean space. In addition Rychkov's universal extension operator for a half space is shown to be bounded with respect to the mixed norms, and a support preserving right‐inverse of the trace is given explicitly and proved to be continuous in the scale of mixed‐norm Lizorkin–Triebel spaces. As an application, the heat equation is considered in these spaces, and the necessary compatibility conditions on the data are deduced.
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