RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es describir la incidencia de bullying LGBTfóbico y analizar los factores que pueden influir en el clima escolar entre los adolescentes LGBT+. Un total de 164 ...adolescentes LGBT+ de 12 a 18 años respondieron una encuesta centrada en conocer sus percepciones sobre el bullying LGBTfóbico. El análisis evidenció que existen factores de protección que favorecen la disminución de la incidencia de bullying LGBTfóbico. Pese a ello, parte de la muestra ha reportado acoso escolar, lo que indica a la necesidad de análisis de dichas acciones. Se considera urgente que los centros educativos velen por la seguridad del alumnado. Ese contexto puede ser uno de los mejores canales de intervención para provocar el cambio social positivo hacia la igualdad.
RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever a incidência de bullying LGBTfóbico e analisar os fatores que podem influenciar no clima escolar entre adolescentes LGBT+. Um total de 164 adolescentes LGBT+ entre 12 e 18 anos responderam a uma pesquisa focada em suas percepções sobre o bullying LGBTfóbico. A análise mostrou que existem fatores de proteção que favorecem a diminuição da incidência de bullying LGBTfóbico. Apesar disso, parte da amostra relatou violência escolar, o que indica a necessidade de análise dessas ações. Considera-se urgente que os centros educativos garantam a segurança dos estudantes. Esse contexto pode ser um dos melhores canais de intervenção para provocar uma transformação social positiva rumo à igualdade.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to describe the incidence of bullying LGBTphobic and to analyze the factors that can influence the school climate among LGBT+ adolescents. A total of 164 LGBT+ adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 completed a survey examining their perceptions of LGBTphobic bullying. The analysis showed that there are protective factors that favor the decrease in the incidence of LGBTphobic bullying. Despite this, part of the sample has reported school violence, which indicates the need to analyze these actions. It is considered urgent that educational centers ensure the safety of students. This context can be one of the best intervention channels to cause positive social change towards equality.
El presente artículo pretende ser una aproximación historiográfica al primero de los caudillos bolivianos del siglo XIX, Andrés de Santa Cruz, cuyas acciones y devenir político son claves para ...entender la historia de la Bolivia del siglo XIX, que lo ha visto como paradigma de caudillo andino de carácter militar. A partir del estado de la cuestión planteamos que el "caudillo" Santa Cruz pretendió implementar un proyecto político, de origen bolivariano, como fue la Confederación Perú-Boliviana.
Dans la littérature internationale, le taux de croissance de la face de l’enfant 7 ans reste largement méconnu. Classiquement seules les mesures radiographiques sont utilisées. Nous avons développé ...un logiciel autorisant le calcul des différentes dimensions faciales, en utilisant des photographies d’enfants de moins de 7 ans, à partir de 312 photographies. Les dimensions faciales sont calculées sous forme de ratio à partir de trente-sept repères faciaux adaptés au visage des enfants sélectionnés. Les résultats indiquent que la hauteur de l’étage supérieur facial se réduit en fonction de l’âge et qu’il reste de taille plus réduite chez la fille. L’étage moyen du visage augmente précocement avec l’âge, avec la fonction respiratoire mais il est indépendant du sexe. L’étage facial inférieur augmente en fonction de l’âge, toujours avec un effet significatif du sexe. Les étages faciaux supérieur et moyen ont précocement des rapports similaires à ceux de l’adulte, mais l’étage inférieur reste de taille réduite, cependant son développement montre une évolution plus marquée chez les garçons que chez les filles. Cette première quantification, non iatrogène, de la croissance faciale des enfants doit être appréciée avec des techniques plus performantes en trois dimensions, telle la stéréolitographie.
In the international literature, the growth rate of the face of a 7-year-old child remains largely unknown. Traditionally, only radiographic measurements have been used. We have developed a software program to calculate various facial dimensions, using photographs of children under 7 years of age, from 312 photographs. Facial dimensions are calculated as a ratio from thirty-seven facial landmarks adapted to the faces of the selected children. The results show that the height of the upper facial plane decreases with age, and remains smaller in girls. The middle facial floor increases with age and respiratory function, but is independent of gender. The lower facial floor increases with age, again with a significant gender effect. The upper and middle facial stages have similar early ratios to those of the adult, but the lower stage remains small, although its development is more marked in boys than in girls. This initial, non-iatrogenic quantification of facial growth in children needs to be assessed using more powerful 3-dimensional techniques, such as stereolithography.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)—mediated phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) constitutes the main defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Two leukocyte IgG receptors, FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb, ...are constitutively expressed on PMNL. Blocking experiments showed FcγRIIa is crucial for opsonophagocytosis of serum-opsonized S. pneumoniae. The biallelic, genetically determined FcγRIIa polymorphism (FcγRIIa-R131 vs. IIa-H131) determines the capacity of IgG2-mediated phagocytosis via this receptor. Comparative studies with PMNL from donors either homozygous for FcγRIIa-R131 or IIa-H131 showed the latter had higher phagocytic capacity. These results were confirmed in FcγRIIa-R131— and FcγRIIa-H131—transfected IIA1.6 cells. The performance of FcγRIIa-transfected cells in S. pneumoniae phagocytosis was validated using sera from adults and children. Serum-induced phagocytic activity depended mainly on anti-pneumococcal IgG2 antibodies. Results obtained with PMNL and IIA1.6 cells showed high correlation (r = 0.94; P <.001), and support that FcγRIIa transfectants are a good alternative to PMNL as effector cells in opsonophagocytosis assays.
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