The general idea of information entropy provided by C.E. Shannon “hangs over everything we do” and can be applied to a great variety of problems once the connection between a distribution and the ...quantities of interest is found. The Shannon information entropy essentially quantify the information of a quantity with its specific distribution, for which the information entropy based methods have been deeply developed in many scientific areas including physics. The dynamical properties of heavy-ion collisions (HICs) process make it difficult and complex to study the nuclear matter and its evolution, for which Shannon information entropy theory can provide new methods and observables to understand the physical phenomena both theoretically and experimentally. To better understand the processes of HICs, the main characteristics of typical models, including the quantum molecular dynamics models, thermodynamics models, and statistical models, etc., are briefly introduced. The typical applications of Shannon information theory in HICs are collected, which cover the chaotic behavior in branching process of hadron collisions, the liquid–gas phase transition in HICs, and the isobaric difference scaling phenomenon for intermediate mass fragments produced in HICs of neutron-rich systems. Even though the present applications in heavy-ion collision physics are still relatively simple, it would shed light on key questions we are seeking for. It is suggested to further develop the information entropy methods in nuclear reactions models, as well as to develop new analysis methods to study the properties of nuclear matters in HICs, especially the evolution of dynamics system.
Antinuclei in heavy-ion collisions Chen, Jinhui; Keane, Declan; Ma, Yu-Gang ...
Physics reports,
10/2018, Letnik:
760, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We review progress in the study of antinuclei, starting from Dirac’s equation and the discovery of the positron in cosmic-ray events. The development of proton accelerators led to the discovery of ...antiprotons, followed by the first antideuterons, demonstrating that antinucleons bind into antinuclei. With the development of heavy-ion programs at the Brookhaven AGS and CERN SPS, it was demonstrated that central collisions of heavy nuclei offer a fertile ground for research and discoveries in the area of antinuclei. In this review, we emphasize recent observations at Brookhaven’s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, namely, the antihypertriton and the antihelium-4, as well as measurements of the mass difference between light nuclei and antinuclei, and the interaction between antiprotons. Physics implications of the new observations and different production mechanisms are discussed. We also consider implications for related fields, such as hypernuclear physics and space-based cosmic-ray experiments.
The existence of parallel joints has an impact on the size effect of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock, but the relationship is yet to be obtained. In this paper, the influence of ...parallel-joint spacing on the size effect and characteristic size of rock uniaxial compressive strength is studied by establishing five types of parallel-joint-spacing simulation schemes. The influence of parallel-joint spacing on the size effect of rock uniaxial compressive strength is explored by analyzing the stress-strain curves of rocks with different parallel-joint spacings and rock sizes. The relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the size of the rock with parallel joints and its special mathematical model are obtained, and the particular form of the compressive-strength characteristic size and parallel-joint spacing is obtained.
An autoimmune disease is an inappropriate response to one's tissues due to a break in immune tolerance and exposure to self‐antigens. It often leads to structural and functional damage to organs and ...systemic disorders. To date, there are no effective interventions to prevent the progression of autoimmune diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need for new treatment targets. TRPM7 is an enzyme‐coupled, transient receptor ion channel of the subfamily M that plays a vital role in pathologic and physiologic conditions. While TRPM7 is constitutively activated under certain conditions, it can regulate cell migration, polarization, proliferation and cytokine secretion. However, a growing body of evidence highlights the critical role of TRPM7 in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Herein, we present (a) a review of the channel kinase properties of TRPM7 and its pharmacological properties, (b) discuss the role of TRPM7 in immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells) and its upstream immunoreactive substances, and (c) highlight TRPM7 as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases.
TRPM7 has the functional properties of ion channels and kinases and is widely expressed in human immune cells. TRPM7 plays a key role in immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells) and their upstream immune response substances. Therefore, TRPM7 may serve as a novel and potentially therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Recently the HAL QCD Collaboration reported the Ω−Ω and N−Ω interaction potentials by the lattice QCD simulations. Based on these results, NΩ (S25) and ΩΩ (S01) bound states were predicted with the ...binding energy about a few MeV. In addition, N−Ω HBT correlation function was also measured by the STAR Collaboration as well as the ALICE Collaboration. These results provide dynamical information whether or not Ω-dibaryons exist in the interaction aspects. Another necessary point for the detection of Ω-dibaryons is the experimental environment where the bound state could be produced and survived in the system. In this context, there are at least two necessary conditions to constrain the production probability of Ω-dibaryons, i.e. the one is the necessary short-range attractive interaction to form the bound state and the another is the experimental environment such as heavy-ion collisions provide abundant enough strangeness and multiplicity of nucleons. In this Letter the Ω−Ω and Ω−nucleon interaction potentials by the lattice QCD simulations were employed to obtain ΩΩ (S01) and NΩ (S25) wave functions, and then the productions of Ω-dibaryons were estimated by using of a dynamical coalescence mechanism for the relativistic heavy-ion collisions at sNN= 200 GeV and 2.76 TeV.
We present the spatial distributions of electromagnetic fields (E and B) and electromagnetic anomaly E⋅B in Au+Au collisions at the RHIC energy s=200GeV based on a multi-phase transport model. A ...dipolar distribution of E⋅B is observed in non-central collisions. We find that the coupling of the E⋅B dipole and magnetic field B can induce an electric quadrupole moment which can further lead to the difference in elliptic flows between positive charged particles and negative charged particles through final interactions. The centrality dependence of the density of E⋅B is similar to the trend of the slope parameter r measured from the difference in elliptic flows between positive pions and negative pions by the STAR collaboration. Therefore, the novel mechanism for electric quadrupole moment generation can offer a new interpretation of the observed charge-dependent elliptic flow of pions, but without the formation of chiral magnetic wave.
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