To address climate change effectively, it is essential to quantify CO2 emissions and the driving factors in high-energy-consuming countries. China is the top CO2-emitting country; moreover, there is ...a lack of comprehensive analytical studies on quantifying the contributions of key drivers to high-energy-consuming countries' CO2 emissions. Therefore, based on data of China's energy consumption from 2005 to 2016, this paper combines the extended Kaya identity with the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method to construct an optimized carbon emission decomposition model. Carbon emission and carbon emission intensity are measured and decomposed. Then, the results of the decomposition are discussed, and the effects of various drivers on carbon emissions from energy consumption in China are analysed. Furthermore, we demonstrate real applications of decomposition analysis in policy-making using examples from China and present some ideas to reduce CO2. The results show that from 2005 to 2016, China's total carbon emissions accounted for nearly one-third of the world's total carbon emissions, and the intensity of carbon emissions in China was generally higher than that of worldwide. The rapid development of economy and acceleration of urbanization are not conducive to reduction of carbon emissions. Reducing the intensity of energy consumption, adjusting the internal structure of the industry and perfecting the economic policy system should be important means used to promote the development of China's low-carbon economy in the future.
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•Economic output increase is the largest driving factor promoting the CO2 emissions of China.•In China, CO2 missions from energy consumption in industrial sector accounted for the greatest proportion.•Phasing out excess capacity in China reduced emissions in the industry sector.•Energy intensity reduction is a key for high-energy-consuming countries to reduce CO2 emissions.•Promoting the transformation of the industrial structure is an efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions.
•This study uses the new machine learning algorithms to predict the default risk.•Two different ways to clean too many variables and missing values data.•Comparisons are made between these two ...equally sophisticated algorithms.•Put forward relevant policy recommendations for global P2P platforms.
Big data and the Internet financial sector tremendously developed in the 21st century. The national emphasis on this field has also gradually improved. Peer-to-peer (P2P) is an innovative mode of borrowing that is a powerful complement to the traditional financial industry. The projected default rate on credit is an absolute prerequisite for guaranteeing the proper operation of related financial projects or platforms. In this paper, we use ‘multi-observation’ and ‘multi-dimensional’ data cleaning method and apply the modern machine learning algorithms LightGBM in Asia at the end of 2016 and XGboost, which are based on real P2P transaction data from Lending club. The default risk of loans in the platform is strongly and innovatively predicted. And the results of different methods are compared. Furthermore, we observe that the LightGBM algorithm based on multiple observational data set classification prediction results is the best. The average performance rate of the historical transaction data of the Lending Club platform rose by 1.28 percentage points, which reduced loan defaults by approximately $117 million. Finally, with respect to the influencing factors of the default rate, suggested developments for the Lending club and other P2P platforms are provided as is the suggested direction of other countries’ development in this field.
Increasing exploration interest in oil and gas hosted by early Cambrian strata has focused research efforts on early Cambrian sandstones. The origin of phosphorus and the paleoenvironment of ...phosphorus-bearing sandstones from the Xinji Formation are discussed in this paper. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, grain size analysis, total organic carbon, and the concentrations of major, trace, and rare earth elements (REEs) are analyzed in this work. The sandstones are mostly sublitharenite with calcareous cement. The content of the sandstone samples is quartz (39.8%-73.9%), with illite (7.9%-27.6%) and calcite (4.5%-29%). The mineral particles of sandstone samples are mainly well sorted with a fine particle size, suggesting strong paleohydrodynamic force. The value of SiO2 is 37.69%-78.19%, followed by Al2O3 (6.11%-13.67%). Compared with upper continental crust, the boron in the sandstone samples is relatively enriched, whereas Sc, Sr, and Ba are relatively depleted. The ΣREE content is 124.46-323.99 ppm. Phosphorus is of biogenic origin and enriched by upwelling current. The source of the Xinji Formation sandstone samples was mainly a mixture of sedimentary rock, granite, and alkali basalt, with the provenance of terrestrial clastic materials. The sandstone was deposited under oxic conditions and a warm and humid paleoclimate with saline to brackish features on a passive continental margin. Phosphorus occurring in sandstones is sensitive to paleoclimate and can be used as an indicator to judge paleoclimate, as it is more enriched in warm and humid weather.
The Taklimakan Desert（TD） and Gobi Desert（GD） are two of the most important dust sources in East Asia, and have important impact on energy budgets, ecosystems and water cycles at regional and even ...global scales. To investigate the contribution of the TD and the GD to dust concentrations in East Asia as a whole, dust emissions, transport, and deposition over the TD and the GD in different seasons from 2007 to 2011 were systematically compared, based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry（WRF-Chem）. Dust emissions, uplift, and long-range transport related to these two dust source regions were markedly different due to differences in topography, elevation, thermal conditions, and atmospheric circulation. Specifically,the topography of the GD is relatively flat, and at a high elevation, and the area is under the influence of two jet streams at high altitudes, resulting in high wind speeds in the upper atmosphere. Deep convective mixing enables the descending branch of jet streams to continuously transport momentum downward to the mid-troposphere, leading to enhanced wind speeds in the lower troposphere over the GD which favors the vertical uplift of the GD dust particles. Therefore, the GD dust was very likely to be transported under the effect of strong westerly jets, and thus played the most important role in contributing to dust concentrations in East Asia. Approximately 35% and 31% of dust emitted from the GD transported to remote areas in East Asia in spring and summer, respectively. The TD has the highest dust emission capabilities in East Asia, with emissions of about 70.54 Tg yr.1 in spring, accounting for 42% of the total dust emissions in East Asia. However, the TD is located in the Tarim Basin and surrounded by mountains on three sides. Furthermore, the dominant surface wind direction is eastward and the average wind speed at high altitudes is relatively small over the TD. As a result, the TD dust particles are not easily transported outside the Tarim Basin, such that most of the dust particles are re-deposited after uplift, at a total deposition rate of about 40 g m.2. It is only when the TD dust particles are uplifted above 4 km, and entrained in westerlies that they begin to undergo a long-range transport. Therefore,the contribution of the TD dust to East Asian dust concentrations was relatively small. Only 25% and 23% of the TD dust was transported to remote areas over East Asia in spring and summer, respectively.
Abstract
We recently showed that forkhead-box class O1 (FoxO1) activation protects against high glucose–induced injury by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat kidney cortex. In addition, ...FoxO1 has been reported to mediate putative kinase 1 (PINK1) transcription and promote autophagy in response to mitochondrial oxidative stress in murine cardiomyocytes. In this study, we ascertained whether overexpressing FoxO1 in the kidney cortex reverses preestablished diabetic nephropathy in animal models. The effect of FoxO1 on mitophagy signaling pathways was evaluated in mouse podocytes. In vivo experiments were performed in male KM mice. A mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) was used, and lentiviral vectors were injected into the kidney cortex to overexpress FoxO1. A mouse podocyte cell line was treated with high concentrations of glucose and genetically modified using lentiviral vectors. We found aberrant mitochondrial morphology and reduced adenosine triphosphate production. These mitochondrial abnormalities were due to decreased mitophagy via reduced phosphatase/tensin homolog on chromosome 10–induced PINK1/Parkin-dependent signaling. FoxO1 upregulation and PINK1/Parkin pathway activation can individually restore injured podocytes in STZ-induced T1D mice. Our results link the antioxidative activity of FoxO1 with PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy, indicating a novel role of FoxO1 in diabetic nephropathy.
FoxO1 is sufficient to promote mitochondrial dysfunction and podocyte injury under high-glucose conditions with an increased level of PINK1.
Accuracy of the motor parameters is important in realizing high performance control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). However, the inductance and resistance of motor winding vary with the ...change of temperature, rotor position and current frequency. In this paper, a technology based on circuit model is introduced for realizing online identification of the parameter of PMSM. In the proposed method, a set of nonlinear equations containing the parameters to be identified is established. Considering that it is very difficult to obtain the analytical solution of a nonlinear system of equations, Newton iterative method is used for solving the equations. Both the simulation and testing results confirm the effectiveness of the method presented.
In this study, a novel bionanocomposite of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was prepared by the cast-film method. The influence of the CNC ...content on the morphology, crystallization, as well as thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties (oxygen and water vapor) of the bionanocomposite was systematically investigated. The results showed that the crystallization behavior of PHBH was changed with the addition of CNCs, resulting in an improvement in the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the bionanocomposite. Compared with PHBH, the water-vapor permeability coefficient of bionanocomposite increased by 207.82% and the oxygen permeability coefficient decreased by 18.46%. Moreover, it was notable that the bionanocomposite possessed the optimal mechanical properties when the CNC content was 2.3 wt%.
Graphical abstract
The generation of large numbers of functional human hepatocytes for cell-based approaches to liver disease is an important and unmet goal. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic lineages ...could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells. Here, we generated human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A. hiHeps express hepatic gene programs, can be expanded in vitro, and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. Upon transplantation into mice with concanavalin-A-induced acute liver failure and fatal metabolic liver disease due to fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase (Fah) deficiency, hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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•FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A convert human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells•hiHep cells display functions of mature hepatocytes, including biliary excretion•hiHep cells can be expanded in culture•hiHep cells can be used to treat acute liver failure and metabolic liver disease
Huang et al. demonstrate direct conversion of human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells, which can be expanded in culture and used to treat acute liver failure and metabolic liver disease.
Siraitia grosvenorii (Luohanguo) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to southern China and most prevalent in Guilin city. Its fruit contains a sweet, fleshy, edible pulp that is widely used in ...traditional Chinese medicine. The major bioactive constituents in the fruit extract are the cucurbitane-type triterpene saponins known as mogrosides. Among them, mogroside V is nearly 300 times sweeter than sucrose. However, little is known about mogrosides biosynthesis in S. grosvenorii, especially the late steps of the pathway.
In this study, a cDNA library generated from of equal amount of RNA taken from S. grosvenorii fruit at 50 days after flowering (DAF) and 70 DAF were sequenced using Illumina/Solexa platform. More than 48,755,516 high-quality reads from a cDNA library were generated that was assembled into 43,891 unigenes. De novo assembly and gap-filling generated 43,891 unigenes with an average sequence length of 668 base pairs. A total of 26,308 (59.9%) unique sequences were annotated and 11,476 of the unique sequences were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. cDNA sequences for all of the known enzymes involved in mogrosides backbone synthesis were identified from our library. Additionally, a total of eighty-five cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and ninety UDP-glucosyltransferase (UDPG) unigenes were identified, some of which appear to encode enzymes responsible for the conversion of the mogroside backbone into the various mogrosides. Digital gene expression profile (DGE) analysis using Solexa sequencing was performed on three important stages of fruit development, and based on their expression pattern, seven CYP450s and five UDPGs were selected as the candidates most likely to be involved in mogrosides biosynthesis.
A combination of RNA-seq and DGE analysis based on the next generation sequencing technology was shown to be a powerful method for identifying candidate genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. Seven CYP450s and five UDPGs were selected as potential candidates involved in mogrosides biosynthesis. The transcriptome data from this study provides an important resource for understanding the formation of major bioactive constituents in the fruit extract from S. grosvenorii.
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•Co-substrate strategy of wood hydrolysate and xylose promoted PHA accumulation.•The addition of xylose created a favorable screening of PHA dominant strains.•High PHA production of ...1849 mg COD/L and HV proportion of 14% were obtained.•Higher conversion yield of COD-to-PHA of 0.933 g COD PHA/g COD S was achieved.•Co-substrate can save 72.3% carbon source to produce PHA with the same output.
Using co-substrate to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is an efficient approach to reduce production cost and improve yield of PHA. In the study, PHA was biosynthesized under full aerobic mode by using rubber wood hydrolysate and xylose co-substrate as the carbon source. The effects of co-substrate on PHA production, microbial community and carbon conversion were explored. The results showed that proper addition of xylose was beneficial for the synthesis of PHA and monomer 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). Higher conversion yield of substrate-to-PHA (YPHA/S) of 0.933 g COD PHA/g COD S and PHA content of 43.6 g PHA/100 g VSS were gained at co-substrate ratio of 1:1. Likewise, under this condition, PHA production also reached the highest value of 1849 mg COD/L (1088 mg/L). Moreover, the addition of xylose created a favorable screening of PHA dominant strains, improved the conversion of carbon source, and saved 72.3% of feedstock consumption.
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