New particle formation (NPF), referring to the nucleation of molecular clusters and their subsequent growth into the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) size range, is a globally significant and ...climate-relevant source of atmospheric aerosols. Classical NPF exhibiting continuous growth from a few nanometers to the Aitken mode around 60–70 nm is widely observed in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) around the world but not in central Amazonia. Here, classical NPF events are rarely observed within the PBL, but instead, NPF begins in the upper troposphere (UT), followed by downdraft injection of sub-50 nm (CN<50) particles into the PBL and their subsequent growth. Central aspects of our understanding of these processes in the Amazon have remained enigmatic, however. Based on more than 6 years of aerosol and meteorological data from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO; February 2014 to September 2020), we analyzed the diurnal and seasonal patterns as well as meteorological conditions during 254 of such Amazonian growth events on 217 event days, which show a sudden occurrence of particles between 10 and 50 nm in the PBL, followed by their growth to CCN sizes. The occurrence of events was significantly higher during the wet season, with 88 % of all events from January to June, than during the dry season, with 12 % from July to December, probably due to differences in the condensation sink (CS), atmospheric aerosol load, and meteorological conditions. Across all events, a median growth rate (GR) of 5.2 nm h−1 and a median CS of 1.1 × 10−3 s−1 were observed. The growth events were more frequent during the daytime (74 %) and showed higher GR (5.9 nm h−1) compared to nighttime events (4.0 nm h−1), emphasizing the role of photochemistry and PBL evolution in particle growth. About 70 % of the events showed a negative anomaly of the equivalent potential temperature (Δθe′) – as a marker for downdrafts – and a low satellite brightness temperature (Tir) – as a marker for deep convective clouds – in good agreement with particle injection from the UT in the course of strong convective activity. About 30 % of the events, however, occurred in the absence of deep convection, partly under clear-sky conditions, and with a positive Δθe′ anomaly. Therefore, these events do not appear to be related to downdraft transport and suggest the existence of other currently unknown sources of sub-50 nm particles.
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•Ethanol increased the drying rate by 106.58% and reduced the drying time by 34.85%•Drying reduced wall thickness by 45.95%; ethanol use, by 67.59%.•Acerola waste drying: without ...ethanol, mixed regime; with ethanol, external regime.•Ethanol drying maintained bioactives compounds compared to the drying without ethanol.
The acerola seed is an agro-industrial waste. It is a high moisture content product, rich in bioactive compounds. Drying is an alternative to make this waste available in a safe condition. The use of ethanol as a pretreatment could improve the drying process besides reducing the operation time. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ethanol pretreatment (ET) on the content of bioactive compounds, cell wall thickness, and color. The drying kinetics was studied, and the influence of external and internal resistance was discussed. The samples were immersed in ethanol for 2 min with subsequent convective drying (40 °C and 60 °C; 1 m s−1) until they reached the equilibrium condition. The ET reduced the drying time up to 36.36 %. The external and mixed control of mass transfer were identified as the governing regimes for drying this material, depending on the use of ethanol. ET led to an increase in effective diffusivity, a reduction in cell wall thickness, and preservation of the color of the dried waste. The ET positively impacted the conservation of ascorbic acid compared to untreated dried samples but was not relevant to phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. The drying process increased the bioactivity of the anthocyanins. The best condition was drying at 60 °C, pretreated with ethanol.
More than 200 million children fail to reach their full developmental potential in low- and middle-income countries. Adverse childhood experiences, maternal mental health, and intimate partner ...violence are negatively associated with child development outcomes. The relationship of these risk factors with child communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal–social development scores in Brazil are assessed.
A population-based, cross-sectional study of preschool children living in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in 2017 was conducted. Child development was assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Adverse childhood experiences for children were self-reported by the participants’ mothers using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adverse Childhood Experiences Study‒adapted metric. Maternal mental health and intimate partner violence were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Sample-adjusted multivariable generalized linear models with interaction terms were used to determine the association of intimate partner violence, maternal mental health, and adverse childhood experiences with developmental outcomes and identify possible moderators. Data were analyzed between 2019 and 2020.
Children exposed to ≥3 adverse childhood experiences had −0.12 (95% CI= −0.24, 0) lower communication, −0.25 (95% CI= −0.46, −0.03) lower gross motor, −0.27 (95% CI= −0.47, −0.07) lower fine motor, and −0.17 (95% CI= −0.3, −0.03) lower personal–social domain scores than children with no adverse childhood experiences. Furthermore, the greater number of adverse childhood experiences was linearly associated with lower developmental scores. Maternal mental health and intimate partner violence were also associated with lower development scores.
Adverse childhood experiences were independently associated with developmental outcomes in Brazilian children. Community-based interventions to reduce the impact of adverse childhood experiences, intimate partner violence, and maternal mental health may benefits child development outcomes.
The first 1000 days of life are a critical period when the foundations of child development and growth are established. Few studies in Latin America have examined the relationship of birth outcomes ...and neonatal care factors with development outcomes in young children. We aimed to assess the association between pregnancy and neonatal factors with children's developmental scores in a cross-sectional, population-based study of children in Ceará, Brazil.
Population-based, cross-sectional study of children aged 0-66 months (0-5.5 years) living in Ceará, Brazil. We examined the relationship of pregnancy (iron and folic acid supplementation, smoking and alcohol consumption) and neonatal (low birth weight (LBW) gestational age, neonatal care interventions, and breastfeeding in the first hour) factors with child development. Children's development was assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-BR). We used multivariate generalized linear models that accounted for clustering sampling to evaluate the relationship of pregnancy and neonatal factors with development domain scores.
A total of 3566 children were enrolled. Among pregnancy factors, children whose mothers did not receive folic acid supplementation during pregnancy had lower fine motor and problem-solving scores (p-values< 0.05). As for neonatal factors, LBW was associated with 0.14 standard deviations (SD) lower (CI 95% -0.26, - 0.02) communication, 0.24 SD lower (95% CI: - 0.44, - 0.04) fine motor and 0.31 SD lower (CI 95% -0.45, - 0.16) problem-solving domain scores as compared to non-LBW children (p values < 0.05). In terms of care, newborns that required resuscitation, antibiotics for infection, or extended in-patient stay after birth had lower development scores in selected domains. Further, not initiating breastfeeding within the first hour after birth was associated with lower gross motor and person-social development scores (p-values < 0.05).
Pregnancy and neonatal care factors were associated with later child development outcomes. Infants at increased risk of suboptimal development, like LBW or newborns requiring extended in-patient care, may represent groups to target for supplemental intervention. Further, early integrated interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes may improve child development outcomes.
Abstract The aim of this study was to systematically review the prognosis of autotransplanted teeth followed up for a period of 6 years or more. A literature search was conducted in five databases ...and the eligibility criteria were established. The outcomes evaluated were the survival rate, percentage of abnormal mobility, pulpal conditions, and percentage of root resorption. The searches identified 1848 articles, and after evaluation against the eligibility criteria, six were included. Data related to outcome measures were extracted from the studies and a meta-analysis was performed. Survival rates ranged from 75.3% to 91% and the meta-analysis showed an effect size of 81% ( P < 0.0001). The percentage ankylosis ranged from 4.2% to 18.2% and the effect size was 4.8% ( P < 0.0001). Root resorption percentages ranged from 3% to 10% and the effect size was equal to 4% ( P < 0.0001). It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis of data on pulpal conditions and percentage of teeth with abnormal mobility. The results of this study showed the survival rate to be excellent, considering the observation period. The rates of ankylosis and root resorption, despite their low values, influence the prognosis of transplanted teeth.
Highlights • Late anxiogenic effects are observed in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. • Artesunate does not prevent late anxiogenic effect or cognitive impairment of CM. • Cannabidiol ...adjuvant treatment increases survival in the murine model of CM. • Cannabidiol adjuvant treatment promotes rescue of behavioral and cognitive function. • Cannabidiol effects might involve up regulation of hippocampal levels of BDNF.
Objective. Estimates of treatment effects reported in placebo-controlled randomized trials are less subject to bias than those estimates provided by other study designs. The objective of this ...meta-analysis was to estimate the analgesic effects of treatments for non-specific low back pain reported in placebo-controlled randomized trials. Methods. Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsychInfo and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for eligible trials from earliest records to November 2006. Continuous pain outcomes were converted to a common 0–100 scale and pooled using a random effects model. Results. A total of 76 trials reporting on 34 treatments were included. Fifty percent of the investigated treatments had statistically significant effects, but for most the effects were small or moderate: 47% had point estimates of effects of <10 points on the 100-point scale, 38% had point estimates from 10 to 20 points and 15% had point estimates of >20 points. Treatments reported to have large effects (>20 points) had been investigated only in a single trial. Conclusions. This meta-analysis revealed that the analgesic effects of many treatments for non-specific low back pain are small and that they do not differ in populations with acute or chronic symptoms.
NiO is a room-temperature antiferromagnetic (AF) insulator with important applications in AF spintronics. Although it is considered a prototypical AF material with a simple magnetic structure with ...two sublattice spins aligned in easy planes and having small in-plane magnetic anisotropy, its critical behavior has not been studied in detail. Here we present an experimental investigation of the critical magnetic field for the transition from the AF to the spin-flop (SF) phase obtained with magnetization and susceptibility measurements. The measured temperature dependence of the AF-SF critical field can be quite well explained by the instability of the low-lying magnon mode with energy renormalized by four-magnon interactions.
•A new variable-order model with modified parameters for cancer treatment.•Formulation of the optimal control cancer treatment problem.•Derivation of the necessary optimality conditions.•Two ...numerical methods for the simulations of the control problem.•Comparative studies.
This article presents a fractional-order mathematical model of the biological phenomena that occur in cancer therapy. The formulation generalizes the one proposed by Soto-Ortiza and Finley that consists of eighteen integer order differential equations and intends to serve as a platform for cancer treatment design. The fractional model is used to test the hypothesis that a combination of anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) treatment with immunotherapy, involving injections of unlicensed dendritic cells (DC), can lead to the tumor eradication by concealing the suppressor VEGF. The new approach adopts derivatives defined in the Caputo sense and implements an optimal control strategy. Two control variables, one for immunotherapy and another for anti-angiogenic therapy, are considered for reducing the number of the cancer cells. Moreover, two numerical methods are introduced and their stability analysis is studied. Numerical simulations illustrate the proposed concepts.
ABSTRACT
While there are many ways to identify substructures in galaxy clusters using different wavelengths, each technique has its own caveat. In this paper, we conduct a detailed substructure ...search and dynamical state characterization of Abell 2399, a galaxy cluster in the local Universe (z ∼ 0.0579), by performing a multiwavelength analysis and testing the results through hydrodynamical simulations. In particular, we apply a Gaussian mixture model to the spectroscopic data from SDSS, WINGS, and OmegaWINGS Surveys to identify substructures. We further use public XMM–Newton data to investigate the intracluster medium (ICM) thermal properties, creating temperature, metallicity, entropy, and pressure maps. Finally, we run hydrodynamical simulations to constrain the merger stage of this system. The ICM is very asymmetrical and has regions of temperature and pressure enhancement that evidence a recent merging process. The optical substructure analysis retrieves the two main X-ray concentrations. The temperature, entropy, and pressure are smaller in the secondary clump than in the main clump. On the other hand, its metallicity is considerably higher. This result can be explained by the scenario found by the hydrodynamical simulations where the secondary clump passed very near to the centre of the main cluster possibly causing the galaxies of that region to release more metals through the increase of ram-pressure stripping.
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