O objetivo do estudo foi examinar a prevalência do distanciamento social, do uso de máscaras e da higienização das mãos ao sair de casa entre adultos brasileiros com 50 anos ou mais de idade. Foram ...utilizados dados de 6.149 entrevistas telefônicas, conduzidas entre 26 de maio e 8 junho de 2020 dentre os participantes do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). O distanciamento social foi definido por não ter saído de casa nos últimos 7 dias. Somente 32,8% dos participantes do estudo não saíram de casa no período considerado, 36,3% saíram entre 1 e 2 vezes, 15,2% entre 3 a 5 vezes e 15,7% saíram todos os dias. As principais razões para sair de casa foram comprar remédios ou alimentos (74,2%), trabalhar (25,1%), pagar contas (24,5%), atendimento dem saúde (10,5%), fazer exercícios (6,2%) e encontrar familiares ou amigos (8,8%). Entre os que saíram de casa, 97,3% usaram sempre máscaras faciais e 97,3% sempre higienizaram as mãos. As mulheres saíram menos de casa que os homens. Esses saíram com mais frequência para trabalhar e fazer exercícios. Elas saíram mais para atendimento em saúde. Os homens (odds ratio - OR =1,84) aqueles com escolaridade mais alta (OR = 1,48 e 1,95 para 5-8 e 9 anos, respectivamente) e os residentes em áreas urbanas (OR = 1,54) saíram mais para realizar atividades essenciais, independentemente da idade e de outros fatores relevantes. Os resultados mostram baixa adesão ao distanciamento social, mas altas prevalências nos usos de máscaras e higienização das mãos.
The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of social distancing, the use of face masks and hand washing when leaving home among Brazilian adults aged 50 or over. Data from 6,149 telephone interviews were used, conducted between May 26 and June 8, 2020 among participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). Social distancing was defined by not having left home in the last seven days. Only 32.8% of study participants did not leave home during the period considered, 36.3% left between one and two times, 15.2% between three and five times and 15.7% left every day. The main reasons for leaving home were to buy medicine or food (74.2%), to work (25.1%), to pay bills (24.5%), for health care (10.5%), to exercise (6.2%), and to meet family or friends (8.8%). Among those who left home, 97.3% always wore face masks and 97.3% always performed hand washing. Women left home less often than men. Men left home more often to work and exercise while women left home more often to seek healthcare. Men (odds ratio - OR = 1.84), those with higher education (OR = 1.48 and 1.95 for 5-8 and 9 years, respectively) and urban residents (OR = 1.54) left home more frequently to perform essential activities, regardless of age or other characteristics. Results show low adherence to social distancing, but high prevalence in the reported use of face masks and hand washing.
El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la prevalencia del distanciamiento social, uso de mascarillas e higienización de las manos al salir de casa entre adultos brasileños con 50 años o más de edad. Se utilizaron datos de 6.149 entrevistas telefónicas, realizadas entre el 26 de mayo y el 8 junio de 2020 entre los participantes del Estudio Brasileño Longitudinal del Envejecimiento (ELSI-Brasil por sus siglas en portugués). El distanciamiento social fue definido por no haber salido de casa en los últimos 7 días. Solamente un 32,8% de los participantes del estudio no salieron de casa en el período considerado, 36,3% salieron entre 1 y 2 veces, 15,2% entre 3 a 5 veces y 15,7% salieron todos los días. Las principales razones para salir de casa fueron comprar medicamentos o alimentos (74,2%), trabajar (25,1%), pagar cuentas (24,5%), atención en salud (10,5%), hacer ejercicios (6,2%) y encontrar con familiares o amigos (8,8%). Entre los que salieron de casa, un 97,3% usaron siempre mascarillas faciales y un 97,3% higienizaron siempre las manos. Las mujeres salieron menos de casa que los hombres. Estos salieron con más frecuencia para trabajar y para hacer ejercicio. Ellas salieron más para la atención en salud. Los hombres (odds ratio - OR = 1,84), los con escolaridad más alta (OR = 1,48 y 1,95 para 5-8 y 9 años) y los residentes en áreas urbanas (OR = 1,54) salieron más para realizar actividades esenciales, independientemente de la edad y de otros factores relevantes. Los resultados muestran una baja adhesión al distanciamiento social, pero altas prevalencias en el uso de mascarillas e higienización de las manos.
Robust evidence on the relationship between primary care and emergency admissions is lacking in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluates how the phased roll out of the family health ...strategy (FHS) to the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro Brazil affected emergency hospital admissions and readmissions from ambulatory-care sensitives conditions (ACSCs).
A cohort of 1.2 million adults in Rio de Janeiro city were followed for five years (Jan 2012 to Dec 2016). The association between FHS use and the likelihood of emergency hospital admissions and 30-day readmissions were evaluated using multi-level Poisson regression models with inverse probability treatment weighting and regression adjustment (IPTW-RA) for socioeconomic and household characteristics. Inequalities in associations were examined across groups of causes and by key socioeconomic groups.
Records from 2,551,934 primary care consultations and 15,627 admissions were analysed. In IPTW-RA analyses, each additional FHS consultation was associated with a 3% lower rate of ACSC admission (RR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.95, 0.98), a 63% lower rate of 30-day readmissions from any non-birth cause (RR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.30, 0.46), and an 57% lower rate of 30-day readmissions from ACSCs (RR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.33, 0.55). Individuals who were older, had the lowest educational attainment, were unemployed, and had higher incomes had larger reductions in ACSC admissions associated with FHS use.
Investment in primary care is important for reducing emergency hospital admissions and their associated costs in LMICs.
DFID/MRC/Wellcome Trust/ESRC.
Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e fatores associados à intenção de se vacinar contra a COVID-19 entre idosos brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo seccional, baseado em entrevistas telefônicas de ...participantes do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (60 anos ou mais), conduzidas em 70 municípios, em março de 2021. As análises foram realizadas mediante regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Entre 4.364 participantes (idade média = 70,1 anos), 91,8% pretendiam se vacinar ou já haviam sido vacinados, 2,5% não tinham essa intenção e 5,7% estavam indecisos. Residentes do Norte e Sudeste brasileiros apresentaram maiores propensões para se vacinar, assim como aqueles com duas ou mais doenças crônicas. Os que se informam sobre a COVID-19 com amigos/familiares/mídia social foram mais propensos a estarem indecisos acerca da vacinação (odds ratio = 3,15; IC95% 1,28;7,77). Conclusão: Identificou-se uma das mais altas prevalências da intenção de se vacinar contra a COVID-19 descritas até a presente data.
Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la intención de vacunarse contra el COVID-19 en ancianos brasileños. Métodos: Estudio seccional basado em entrevistas telefónicas con participantes del Estudio longitudinal de la salud del anciano brasileño con 60 años o más, realizadas en 70 municipalidades es en marzo de 2021. Resultados: Entre los 4.364 participantes (edad promedio = 70,1 años), el 91,8% tenía la intención de vacunarse o ya lo había hecho, el 2,5% no tienen esta intención y el 5,7% está indeciso. Los residentes de las regiones Norte y Sudeste era más propenso a vacunarse, al igual que aquellos con dos o más enfermedades crónicas. Los que se enteraron del COVID-19 a través de amigos/familiares/redes sociales estaban más indecisos sobre la vacunación (odds ratio = 3,15; IC95% 1,28;7,77). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran una de las mayores prevalencias de intención de vacunación contra el COVID-19 descritas en la literatura hasta la fecha.
ABSTRACT Objective: To determine prevalence and factors associated with intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 among older Brazilians. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on telephone interviews with participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) aged 60 years and over, conducted in 70 municipalities in March 2021. Results: Among the 4,364 participants (mean age = 70.1 years), 91.8% intended to get vaccinated or had already been vaccinated, 2.5% did not intend to get vaccinated and 5.7% were undecided. Participants living in the North and Southeast regions were more likely to want to get vaccinated, as were those with two or more chronic diseases. Those who learned about COVID-19 from friends/family/social media were more likely to be undecided about vaccination (odds ratio = 3.15; 95%CI 1.28;7.77). Conclusion: The study identified one of the highest prevalence of intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 described in the literature to date.
Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with widespread regional and social inequalities. In this report, we examine the historical development and components of the Brazilian health system, ...focusing on the reform process during the past 40 years, including the creation of the Unified Health System. A defining characteristic of the contemporary health sector reform in Brazil is that it was driven by civil society rather than by governments, political parties, or international organisations. The advent of the Unified Health System increased access to health care for a substantial proportion of the Brazilian population, at a time when the system was becoming increasingly privatised. Much is still to be done if universal health care is to be achieved. Over the past 20 years, there have been other advances, including investments in human resources, science and technology, and primary care, and a substantial decentralisation process, widespread social participation, and growing public awareness of a right to health care. If the Brazilian health system is to overcome the challenges with which it is presently faced, strengthened political support is needed so that financing can be restructured and the roles of both the public and private sector can be redefined. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Building fair, equitable, and beneficial partnerships between institutions collaborating in research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) has become an integral ...part of research capacity building in global health in recent years. In this paper, we offer an example of an academic collaboration between the University of California Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy and Research (UCLA CHPR) and the University of Philippines, Manila, College of Public Health (UPM CPH) that sought to build an equitable partnership between research institutions. The partnership was built on a project to build capacity for research and produce data for policy action for the prevention and care of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) through primary healthcare in the Philippines. The specific objectives of the project were to: (1) locally adapt the Primary Care Assessment Tool for the Philippines and use the adapted tool to measure facility-level primary care delivery, (2) conduct focus group discussions (FGDs) to gather qualitative observations regarding primary care readiness and capacity, and (3) conduct a comprehensive population-based health survey among adults on NCDs and prior healthcare experience. We describe here the progression of the partnership between these institutions to carry out the project and the elements that helped build a stronger connection between the institutions, such as mutual goal setting, cultural bridging, collaborative teams, and capacity building. This example, which can be used as a model depicting new directionality and opportunities for LMIC-HIC academic partnerships, was written based on the review of shared project documents, including study protocols, and written and oral communications with the project team members, including the primary investigators. The innovation of this partnership includes: LMIC-initiated project need identification, LMIC-based funding allocation, a capacity-building role of the HIC institution, and the expansion of scope through jointly offered courses on global health.
Foram comparados indicadores de uso e qualidade dos serviços de saúde em uma amostra probabilística de adultos (N = 7.534) cobertos por plano privado, Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e unidade ...básica de saúde (UBS) "tradicional" no Município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Após ajustamentos por fatores demográficos, condições de saúde e situação socioeconômica, os indicadores de uso (longitudinalidade, procura por atenção e consultas médicas) apresentaram melhor performance entre usuários regulares da ESF e afiliados a plano privado em comparação aos cobertos pela UBS. As hospitalizações, os exames de rastreamento e a vacinação contra a gripe variaram pouco entre esses grupos. Os indicadores de qualidade (dificuldades para obter consultas, existência de filas, queixa para obtenção de medicamentos e obtenção de consultas em 24 horas) foram melhores entre afiliados a plano privado. A recomendação para outra pessoa dos serviços de saúde utilizados foi mais frequente entre usuários regulares da ESF (61,9%) e afiliados a plano privado (55,6%), em comparação à UBS (45,4%).
The increasing numbers of people at very old ages pose specific policy challenges for health and social care and highlight the need to rethink established models of service provision. The main ...objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of "avoidable displacement from home" (ADH). The study argues that ADH builds on and adds value to existing concepts, offering a holistic, person-centered framework for integrated health and social care provision for older people. It also demonstrates that this framework can be applied across different levels, ranging from macro policymaking to organizational and individual decision-making. The paper pays attention to the Brazilian context but argues that ADH is a universally applicable concept.
Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o uso de serviços de saúde, o uso de medicamentos, a cobertura de exames de rastreamento, os atributos da atenção primária em saúde e os comportamentos em ...saúde de indivíduos (n = 370) com 45 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico médico de diabetes, segundo as fontes de atenção em saúde, assim definidas: afiliados a plano privado de saúde, independentemente do local de residência; residentes em áreas cobertas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF); cobertos pela unidade básica de saúde (UBS) "tradicional". O estudo utilizou os dados do 2º Inquérito de Saúde de Adultos da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (2010). Os indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde, o uso de medicamentos, a cobertura de exames de acompanhamento, o consumo abusivo de álcool e o tabagismo atual não diferiram significativamente entre as fontes de atenção. As prevalências da prática insuficiente de exercícios físicos no tempo livre e do sedentarismo no cotidiano foram maiores entre os cobertos pela ESF ou UBS "tradicional". Os atributos da atenção primária em saúde (acesso, integralidade, longitudinalidade e foco familiar) apresentaram melhor desempenho entre os afiliados a plano privado de saúde, mesmo após ajuste por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Os resultados da investigação apontam dois principais desafios para o Sistema Único de Saúde no manejo dos pacientes com diabetes no Município de Belo Horizonte, Brasil: a realização de ações mais efetivas para a promoção da atividade física e a necessidade de reorganização visando à melhoria no desempenho da atenção primária, sobretudo no acesso às consultas médicas.
Abstract: This study compared the use of health services and medication, screening test coverage, characteristics of primary care, and health behaviors in 370 diabetics 45 years or older according to sources of care: private health policyholders regardless of place of residence; residents in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy; and individuals covered by a "traditional" Primary Care Unit. The study used data from the 2nd Adult Health Survey in Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region (2010), Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Use of health services, use of medication, coverage of follow-up tests, alcohol abuse, and smoking did not differ significantly according to source of care. Prevalence rates for insufficient leisure-time physical exercise and sedentary lifestyle were higher among individuals covered by the Family Health Strategy or "traditional" Primary Care Unit. The primary care characteristics (access, comprehensiveness, continuity, and family focus) performed better among individuals with private health insurance, even after adjusting for age, sex, and schooling. The study identified two main challenges for the Brazilian Unified National Health System in managing patients with diabetes in the city of Belo Horizonte: the promotion of physical exercise and reorganization to improve performance in primary care, especially in access to medical appointments.
Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el uso de servicios de salud, el uso de medicamentos, la cobertura de exámenes de rastreo, los atributos de atención primaria en salud y los comportamientos en salud de individuos (n = 370) con 45 años o más, con un diagnóstico médico de diabetes, según las fuentes de atención en salud, así definidas: afiliados a plan privado de salud, independientemente del lugar de residencia; residentes en áreas cubiertas por la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF); cubiertos por la unidad básica de salud (UBS) "tradicional". El estudio utilizó los datos de la 2ª Encuesta de Salud de Adultos de la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (2010). Los indicadores de uso de servicios de salud, el uso de medicamentos, la cobertura de exámenes de seguimiento, el consumo abusivo de alcohol y el tabaquismo actual no difirieron significativamente entre las fuentes de atención. Las prevalencias de la práctica insuficiente de ejercicios físicos en el tiempo libre y del sedentarismo en lo cotidiano fueron mayores entre los cubiertos por la ESF o UBS "tradicional". Los atributos de la atención primaria en salud (acceso, integralidad, longitudinalidad y foco familiar) presentaron el mejor desempeño entre los afiliados al plan privado de salud, incluso tras el ajuste por edad, sexo y escolaridad. Los resultados de la investigación apuntan dos principales desafíos para el Sistema Único de Salud en el manejo de los pacientes con diabetes en el municipio de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: la realización de acciones más efectivas para la promoción de la actividad física y la necesidad de reorganización con vistas a una mejoría en el desempeño de la atención primaria, sobre todo en el acceso a las consultas médicas.
Perceived discrimination is related to poor health and has been offered as one explanation for the persistence of health inequalities in some societies. In this study, we explore the prevalence and ...correlates of perceived discrimination in a large, multiracial Brazilian metropolitan area.
The study uses secondary analysis of a regionally representative household survey conducted in 2010 (n=12,213). Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression assess the magnitude and statistical significance of covariates associated with reports of any discrimination and with discrimination in specific settings, including when seeking healthcare services, in the work environment, in the family, in social occasions among friends or in public places, or in other situations.
Nearly 9% of the sample reported some type of discrimination. In multivariable models, reports of any discrimination were higher among people who identify as black versus white (OR 1.91), higher (OR 1.21) among women than men, higher (OR 1.33) among people in their 30's and lower (OR 0.63) among older individuals. People with many health problems (OR 4.97) were more likely to report discrimination than those with few health problems. Subjective social status (OR 1.23) and low social trust (OR 1.27) were additional associated factors. Perceived discrimination experienced while seeking healthcare differed from all other types of discrimination, in that it was not associated with skin color, social status or trust, but was associated with sex, poverty, and poor health.
There appear to be multiple factors associated with perceived discrimination in this population that may affect health. Policies and programs aimed at reducing discrimination in Brazil will likely need to address this wider set of interrelated risk factors across different populations.
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