Neem leaves extract was use to synthesize metal (iron and copper) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and ...UV-Vis spectrometer. The formation and stability of the reduced metal nanoparticles in the colloidal solution were monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis. Their peaks of CuNPs and FeNPs were determined with a particles size in the range of 250nm-550nm and 250nm-350nm and have shapes of spherical and dendrimer respectively. The zone of inhibition by CuNP on gram negative bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus) is 20mm ± 1 while on gram positive bacteria (Escherichia Coli) is 12.5mm ± 1. Thus, the synthesized metal nanoparticles prove to have very high anti-bacterial activity on both Staphylococci aureus and Escherichia coli. Copper nanoparticles exhibits high antibacterial activity compared to iron nanoparticles.
Keywords: Copper, Iron, nanoparticles, Anti-bacterial activity
Presumptive diagnosis of malaria is widespread, even where microscopy is available. As fever is very nonspecific, this often leads to over diagnosis, drug wastage and loss of opportunity to consider ...alternative causes of fever, hence the need to improve on the clinical diagnosis of malaria.
In a prospective cross-sectional comparative study, we examined 45 potential predictors of uncomplicated malaria in 800 febrile children (0-12 years) in Sokoto, Nigeria. We developed a clinical algorithm for malaria diagnosis and compared it with a validated algorithm, Olaleye's model.
Malaria was confirmed in 445 (56%). In univariate analysis, 13 clinical variables were associated with malaria. In multivariate analysis, vomiting (odds ratio, OR 2.6), temperature ≥ 38.5°C (OR 2.2), myalgia (OR 1.8), weakness (OR 1.9), throat pain (OR 1.8) and absence of lung crepitations (OR 5.6) were independently associated with malaria. In children over age 3 years, any 3 predictors had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 47% for malaria. An Olaleye score ≥ 5 had a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 51%.
In hyperendemic areas, the sensitivity of our algorithm may permit presumptive diagnosis of malaria in children. Algorithm positive cases can be presumptively treated, and negative cases can undergo parasitological testing to determine need for treatment.
Gastric cancer believed to be rare in the past in Africa, is now one of the leading cancer morbidity and mortality. It is now known gastric cancer is 2-3 times higher in males than females living in ...the same environment. We aim to describe the comprehensive histological characteristics of gastric cancer with age and sex distribution.
The study site was Jos University Teaching Hospital situated in the capital of Plateau State. The hospital has a bed capacity of 530. The study materials were obtained from all stained specimens of gastric cancer recorded in the histopathology laboratory of the teaching hospital between 1985 to 2004. The biopsy site was noted. These were divided into the following groups: Cardia, body and an thrum/pyloric regions respectively. Or the information included age and sex of the patients.
There were a total of 205 gastric cancer histological confirmed, out of 5705 malignant tumours recorded in the same period. There were a total of 145 cases in male and 60 in females giving a male: female ratio 2.4:1. The highest frequencies of gastric cancers were located in the anthral and cardia regions which accounted for 79% of all the tumours. Well differentiated adenocarcinoma (intestinal type) was the most frequent histological subtypes 51.2%), this was followed by poorly and diffusely infiltrating carcinoma. Other cancers included signet ring carcinoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leiomyosarcoma in that order. The study has also demonstrated H pylori at the background of intestinal type adenocarcinoma which was seen in the body and an thrum.
The study has shown that gastric cancer is not only common but it occur more males than females. The high proportion of H pylori in our environment might indicate a possible aetiological association. Therefore eradication of H pylori might reduce the prevalence of gastric carcinoma.
Twelve cases of radical surgery were carried out on patients with schistosoma granuloma mistaken for malignant lesions. Such radical procedures could have been averted if pre-operative biopsies were ...done. Therefore, there is a need for clinicians practising in schistosoma endemic areas to routinely carry out pre-operative biopsy to minimize missed diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
The author also thinks that women are generally more ostentatiously fearful than men which makes them study more seriously than the average man would. ... the author believes that due to the feminine ...appeal, examiners, who are mostly men, tend to be more lenient on female medical students during the bedside oral exams.
Studija je provedena u svrhu analize perspektive i izazova u proizvodnje manioke u Irepodun Local Government Area, Kwara State, u Nigeriji. Cilj je bio istražiti determinantne varijable te utvrditi ...razinu profitabilnosti proizvođača manioke. Studija se temeljila na primarnim podacima, dobivenim uz pomoć strukturiranog upitnika od 100 uzgajivača manioke, povučenih iz više-fazne tehnike uzorkovanja na području proučavanja. Podaci su analizirani korištenjem deskriptivne statistike, OLS modela regresije i analize bruto marže. Rezultati procjene OLS regresije otkrili su da su veličina farme,, trošak upotrebe gnojiva, herbicida, obiteljskog i plaćenog rada značajne varijable koje utječu na proizvodnju manioke na području proučavanja. Studija je pronašla da je prosječna bruto marža po hektaru za proizvodnju manioke bila ₦24,749.28, to jest, €55.37 s bruto omjerom koristi od 1.4. To pokazuje da za svaki ₦1 investiran u djelatnost proizvodnje manioke, postoji prateći profit od ₦1.4 kobo. Glavni izazovi u djelatnosti proizvodnje manioke su veliki troškovi prijevoza, nedostatak poboljšanih sorti manioke te nedostatak tržišnih poveznica. Studija je zaključila da je, unatoč problemu koji se susreće na području proučavanja, proizvodnja manioke profitabilna i može poslužiti kao sredstvo za ekonomsko poboljšanje domaćinstava. Stoga studija preporuča da bi trebali biti dostupni inputi sredstva kao što poboljšane sorte manioke i gnojiva, po pristupačnim cijenama. Također, trebale bi biti dostupne infrastrukturne pogodnosti kao što su dobra cestovna mreža i poboljšani tržišni kanali kako bi se održala trenutna razina proizvodnje manioke i ekonomske dobiti od te proizvodnje.
Soft tissue sarcomas are a complex heterogeneous group of tumours that often cause a diagnostic problem. Special stains are often employed for further differentiation of these tumours. As a group, ...soft tissue sarcomas are not uncommon as previously believed.
To undertake a ten year retrospective study of soft tissue sarcomas in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital and to also discuss the pathology of the disease.
The study consisted of all records of histologically confirmed cases of soft tissue sarcomas from 1994 2003, seen at JUTH. The slides were retrieved and read separately by two pathologists. Special stain such as Reticulin, PTAH, Oilred O, were used to demonstrate basement membrane, muscle striation and lipids respectively. These aided confirmation of the diagnosis. Information extracted from patients' records included age, site of lesion and sex.
A total number of 266 cases of soft tissue sarcomas were recorded out of 2353 histologically confirmed cancers. These accounted for 11.3% of all cancers. One hundred and eighty three occurred in males and 83 in females, with male, female ratio of 2:1. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH), and Fibrosarcoma (FS) were the commonest histological subtypes accounting for 69 (25.9%), 63 (23.7%), 56 (21.1%) and 49 (18.4%) respectively; with Rhabdomyosarcoma occurring more in paediatric and adolescent age groups, while the rest subtypes were more prevalent in adults. The commonest sites affected were leg/foot 71 (26.7%), head/neck 68 (25.6%) and thigh 50 (19%).
Soft tissue sarcomas constituted a significant proportion of cancers in our centre and are not uncommon as previously reported in the literature.
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