To date, projections of human migration induced by sea-level change (SLC) largely suggest large-scale displacement away from vulnerable coastlines. However, results from our model of Bangladesh ...suggest counterintuitively that people will continue to migrate toward the vulnerable coastline irrespective of the flooding amplified by future SLC under all emissions scenarios until the end of this century. We developed an empirically calibrated agent-based model of household migration decision-making that captures the multi-faceted push, pull and mooring influences on migration at a household scale. We then exposed ∼4800 000 simulated migrants to 871 scenarios of projected 21st-century coastal flooding under future emissions pathways. Our model does not predict flooding impacts great enough to drive populations away from coastlines in any of the scenarios. One reason is that while flooding does accelerate a transition from agricultural to non-agricultural income opportunities, livelihood alternatives are most abundant in coastal cities. At the same time, some coastal populations are unable to migrate, as flood losses accumulate and reduce the set of livelihood alternatives (so-called 'trapped' populations). However, even when we increased access to credit, a commonly-proposed policy lever for incentivizing migration in the face of climate risk, we found that the number of immobile agents actually rose. These findings imply that instead of a straightforward relationship between displacement and migration, projections need to consider the multiple constraints on, and preferences for, mobility. Our model demonstrates that decision-makers seeking to affect migration outcomes around SLC would do well to consider individual-level adaptive behaviors and motivations that evolve through time, as well as the potential for unintended behavioral responses.
Gerard Magliocca'sThe Heart of the Constitution is the untold story of the most celebrated part of the Constitution. Until the twentieth century, few Americans called the first ten amendments the ...Bill of Rights. When they did after 1900, the Bill of Rights was usually invoked to increase rather than limit federal authority.
John Bingham was the architect of the rebirth of the United States following the Civil War. A leading antislavery lawyer and congressman from Ohio, Bingham wrote the most important part of the ...Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which guarantees fundamental rights and equality to all Americans. He was also at the center of two of the greatest trials in history, giving the closing argument in the military prosecution of John Wilkes Booth's co-conspirators for the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and in the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. And more than any other man, Bingham played the key role in shaping the Union's policy towards the occupied ex-Confederate States, with consequences that still haunt our politics.American Founding Sonprovides the most complete portrait yet of this remarkable statesman. Drawing on his personal letters and speeches, the book traces Bingham's life from his humble roots in Pennsylvania through his career as a leader of the Republican Party. Gerard N. Magliocca argues that Bingham and his congressional colleagues transformed the Constitution that the Founding Fathers created, and did so with the same ingenuity that their forbears used to create a more perfect union in the 1780s. In this book, Magliocca restores Bingham to his rightful place as one of our great leaders.Gerard N. Maglioccais the Samuel R. Rosen Professor at Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. He is the author of three books on constitutional law, and his work on Andrew Jackson was the subject of an hour-long program on C-Span'sBook TV.
A primary goal of Earth system modelling is to improve understanding of the interactions and feedbacks between human decision making and biophysical processes. The nexus of land use and land cover ...change (LULCC) and the climate system is an important example. LULCC contributes to global and regional climate change, while climate affects the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems and LULCC. However, at present, LULCC is poorly represented in global circulation models (GCMs). LULCC models that are explicit about human behaviour and decision-making processes have been developed at local to regional scales, but the principles of these approaches have not yet been applied to the global scale level in ways that deal adequately with both direct and indirect feedbacks from the climate system. In this article, we explore current knowledge about LULCC modelling and the interactions between LULCC, GCMs and dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). In doing so, we propose new ways forward for improving LULCC representations in Earth system models. We conclude that LULCC models need to better conceptualise the alternatives for upscaling from the local to global scale. This involves better representation of human agency, including processes such as learning, adaptation and agent evolution, formalising the role and emergence of governance structures, institutional arrangements and policy as endogenous processes and better theorising about the role of teleconnections and connectivity across global networks. Our analysis underlines the importance of observational data in global-scale assessments and the need for coordination in synthesising and assimilating available data.
Although Populist candidate William Jennings Bryan lost the presidential elections of 1896, 1900, and 1908, he was the most influential political figure of his era. In this astutely argued book, ...Gerard N. Magliocca explores how Bryan's effort to reach the White House energized conservatives across the nation and caused a transformation in constitutional law.
Responding negatively to the Populist agenda, the Supreme Court established a host of new constitutional principles during the 1890s. Many of them proved long-lasting and highly consequential, including the "separate but equal" doctrine supporting racial segregation, the authorization of the use of force against striking workers, and the creation of the liberty of contract. The judicial backlash of the 1890s-the most powerful the United States has ever experienced-illustrates vividly the risks of seeking fundamental social change. Magliocca concludes by examining the lessons of the Populist experience for advocates of change in our own divisive times.
2 One way of understanding Johnson’s comment is that he thought that Justice Washington simply followed Chief Justice Marshall’s lead, which is consistent with the idea that Marshall dominated his ...Supreme Court unlike any previous or subsequent Chief Justice. Soon thereafter they were frequently arguing cases as a team or against each other in the Virginia Court of Appeals (Virginia’s highest court).10 They also served together on the Richmond City Council from 1794 to 1795, including a committee about local police reform.11 When Marshall returned from his diplomatic mission in France now known of the “XYZ Affair,” Washington welcomed him home with a rousing speech at a celebration in Alexandria in which he said: “When future generations peruse the history of America, they will find the name of Marshall on its sacred page as one of the brightest ornaments of the age in which he lived.” In 1798, the General invited both men to Mount Vernon and demonstrated his faith in them by twisting their arms until they agreed to run for the House of Representatives in the upcoming midterm elections.17 When George died, he bequeathed Mount Vernon and his personal papers to his nephew.18 Bushrod promptly invited Marshall to write George’s official biography and was the Chief Justice’s editor on that project for many years.19 They also jointly advised Martha Washington on issues related to her husband’s estate after his death.20 Image omitted: Washington and Marshall were both familiar with President Edmund Pendleton’s leadership of the Virginia Court of Appeals, where he strived to write a single unanimous opinion for each case.31 In the same letter where Justice William Johnson described Washington and Marshall as “one judge,” he said that his own inclination to write separate opinions was met with “nothing but lectures on the indecency of judges cutting at each other, and the loss of reputation which the Virginia appellate court had sustained by pursuing such a course” after Pendleton’s death.32 The two Virginians on the Supreme Court were almost certainly the source of these lectures due to their considerable practice experience before the Virginia Court of Appeals.
This essay on Madison's Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention, Mary Bilder's revisionist account (2016) of James Madison's Notes on the Constitutional Convention argues that her central ...thesis, which is that Madison substantially revised the Notes long after the Convention adjourned, is groundbreaking but will have no effect on constitutional law. Madison's Hand is groundbreaking because the book yields many powerful insights into the deliberations of the Convention and into the evolution of Madison's thought. Nevertheless, constitutional practice in the Supreme Court and among elite lawyers is so divorced from the Notes that even a dramatic shift in their interpretation will not disturb the evolution of judicial doctrine applying the text written in 1787.
To understand global changes in the Earth system, scientists must generalize globally from observations made locally and regionally. In land change science (LCS), local field-based observations are ...costly and time consuming, and generally obtained by researchers working at disparate local and regional case-study sites chosen for different reasons. Thus, a fundamental challenge is the production of generalized knowledge that links evidence of the causes and consequences of local land change to global patterns and vice versa. The GLOBE system was designed to meet this challenge. GLOBE aims to transform global change science by enabling new scientific workflows based on statistically robust, globally relevant integration of local and regional observations using an online social-computational and geovisualization system. GLOBE will enable researchers and institutions to rapidly share, compare, and synthesize local and regional studies within the global context, as well as contributing to the larger goal of creating a Digital Earth.
REFORMING THE FILIBUSTER Magliocca, Gerard N
Northwestern University law review,
2011, Letnik:
105, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A suspensory veto under Rule XXII would also return the Senate to its traditional practice, which let a determined majority get its way except at the end of a Congress when claims of undue haste were ...more legitimate.7 The main reason why cloture should be reformed is that unlimited Senate debate is now little more than a legal fiction.8 Under the modern twotrack legislative calendar that allows the Senate to proceed to other business while a bill or nomination is being filibustered, a vote against cloture does not lead to extended floor debate.it leads to no floor debate.9 The Majority Leader almost always pulls the disputed bill (or does not bring it forward in the first place) and turns to something else.10 Since it is impractical to end the two-track system because of senators' aversion to the unpleasant schedule that is created by round-the-clock speeches, there is no persuasive deliberative basis for the current cloture rule.11 On the other hand, solicitude for minority rights and a desire to stop laws from being rushed through without appropriate scrutiny suggest that permitting the majority to end a debate at any time would be wrong. ... when reformers sought to end the power of one-third of the Senate to control Native American policy by rejecting tribal treaties, the House of Representatives refused to appropriate funds for those treaties and forced the Senate to agree that the tribes should always be regulated by ordinary legislation.14 When progressives could not get a Senate supermajority to pass the proposed Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for the direct election of senators, almost two-thirds of state legislatures petitioned for a constitutional convention, and the Senate gave way.15 And when internationalists in the 1940s wanted to make sure that a Senate minority could not repeat the mistake of rejecting the League of Nations, the House passed a constitutional amendment abolishing the treaty ratification process, and the Senate accepted the idea that a congressionalexecutive agreement passed just like a bill could be the legal equivalent of a treaty.16 Obtaining cloture reform may require this kind of robust action from other elected officials.
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