When do social media users click on sponsored content or intend to visit the website at a later time? A qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using arguments based on herd theory, strength of ties, ...and social distance shows that only “likes” from socially close and knowledgeable users can consistently generate click-through or view-through intentions. Considering social tie strength in a herd behavior context, the analysis of sufficient configurations for click- and view-through intentions provides a nuanced perspective on social media user behavior and social influence. For instance, click-through intention requires observing a “like” from a close person, while view-through intentions can also develop after observing “likes” from less close acquaintances, yet in the last case only if the user assumes the acquaintance is better informed regarding the sponsored content. In addition, a “like” from a close friend deemed better informed can even make a user click on a sponsored content that was not considered valuable before.
The zCOSMOS 10k-Bright Spectroscopic Sample Lilly, Simon J; Le Brun, Vincent; Maier, Christian ...
The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series,
10/2009, Letnik:
184, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
We present spectroscopic redshifts of a large sample of galaxies with I AB < 22.5 in the COSMOS field, measured from spectra of 10,644 objects that have been obtained in the first two years of ...observations in the zCOSMOS-bright redshift survey. These include a statistically complete subset of 10,109 objects. The average accuracy of individual redshifts is 110 km s-1, independent of redshift. The reliability of individual redshifts is described by a Confidence Class that has been empirically calibrated through repeat spectroscopic observations of over 600 galaxies. There is very good agreement between spectroscopic and photometric redshifts for the most secure Confidence Classes. For the less secure Confidence Classes, there is a good correspondence between the fraction of objects with a consistent photometric redshift and the spectroscopic repeatability, suggesting that the photometric redshifts can be used to indicate which of the less secure spectroscopic redshifts are likely right and which are probably wrong, and to give an indication of the nature of objects for which we failed to determine a redshift. Using this approach, we can construct a spectroscopic sample that is 99% reliable and which is 88% complete in the sample as a whole, and 95% complete in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 0.8. The luminosity and mass completeness levels of the zCOSMOS-bright sample of galaxies is also discussed.
Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. All free-living diatoms differ from other ...phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two 'shells' (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
In situations when Information Systems (IS) do not work as intended, using IS might hinder their users and let them perceive technostress; this then comes along with reduced user performance and high ...perceptions of exhaustion, among others. To alleviate these consequences, a mitigating behavior of stressed users is to seek social support to get instrumental (e.g., from the help desk) or emotional (e.g., consolation) backing. Using insights from psychology literature that suggest social support reduces the consequences of stressors, this paper investigates how instrumental and emotional support reduces the consequences of techno-stressors, such as reduced end-user performance, techno-exhaustion, and physiological arousal, caused by techno-unreliability such as a computer freeze. In a laboratory setting, measurements of skin conductance were used to evaluate the technostress of 73 subjects, manipulated by techno-unreliability and then treated with instrumental and emotional support. The findings indicate that social support increased end-user performance as well as reduced techno-exhaustion and physiological arousal. In particular, instrumental support directly influenced end-user performance, techno-exhaustion, and physiological arousal, whereas emotional support only influenced techno-exhaustion. Further, this study provides the first indications that the effect of social support on technostress depends on individual differences.
•IT addiction is a major challenge for an individual’s private, social and work life.•IT addicts can terminate pathological IT use and become ex-users.•Some IT addicts can overcome pathological IT ...use without external support.•Other IT addicts need external support to overcome pathological IT use.•IT addiction is a part of the IT lifecycle along with adoption, use and discontinuation.
IT addiction scholarship indicates that pathological use of IT such as games or social media is on the rise. While pathological IT use, such as addictive behavior, can negatively affect private, social and work life, individuals displaying addictive behavior toward an IT are challenged to overcome their addiction. In this study, we aim to offer insights into how and why IT addicts stop their pathological IT use by terminating to use the IT. We interview individuals who have overcome their IT addiction to games and social media, finding that some IT addicts terminate their use of the IT without external support because they had a strong intrinsic or extrinsic motivation or because they felt stressed, frustrated or guilty. Other IT addicts required external support, contacting a therapist after unsuccessful attempts to quit or after experiencing a shocking event. This study establishes a new strand of research into ending pathological IT use and becoming an ex-user. We theorize IT addiction as part of the IT lifecycle alongside adoption, usage and discontinuation. We also offer practical insights into why some individuals can terminate pathological IT use on their own, while others require external support.
An experimental characterization of cupric oxide nanowire (CuO NW) growth from thermally oxidized, microstructured Cu thin films is performed. We have systematically studied the influence of the ...thickness and dimension of Cu layers on the synthesis of CuO NW. The objective was to determine the optimum Cu geometries for increased CuO NWs growth to bridge the gap between adjacent Cu structures directly on the chip for gas sensing applications. Thresholds for CuO-NW growth regarding film thickness and lateral dimensions are identified based on SEM images. For a film thickness of 560 nm, NWs with lengths > 500 nm start to grow from the edges of Cu structures with an area ≥ 4 µm2. NWs growing from the upper surface were observed for an area ≥ 16 µm2. NW growth between adjacent thermally oxidized thin films was analyzed. The study provides information on the most relevant parameters of CuO NWs growth, which is mandatory for integrating CuO NWs as gas sensor components directly on microchips. Based on this result, the gap size of the structure was varied to find the optimum value of 3 µm.
GenAI-driven technologies such as ChatGPT influence activities in all areas of life and are used in private and work contexts. This study uses an individual-centered perspective to explain what ...motivates users to use ChatGPT continuously. We propose that four motivational factors and two technology characteristics together lead to continuance intention among individual ChatGPT users. Therefore, we use a mixed-methods design to combine findings from a quantitative survey study and a qualitative interview study. In Study 1, we follow a configurational approach to analyze multi-wave data from 279 participants with fsQCA. We identify five configurations that lead to high continuance intention and show that perceived ease of use and perceived novelty are necessary for this outcome. Interestingly, the observed factors together cannot explain low continuance intention. In Study 2, we complement these findings with insights based on 15 semi-structured interviews. We illustrate the configurations by identifying 27 individual use cases in the private and work contexts as well as additional factors that facilitate and hinder individual ChatGPT continuance intention. We draw meta-inferences by combining findings of both studies to develop five propositions. Based on that, we contribute a motivational, individual perspective on GenAI continuance intention, present practical implications as well as valuable future research opportunities.
•We investigate user motivation to decipher why individuals use ChatGPT.•We leverage fsQCA and multi-wave data embedded in a mixed-methods approach.•Results suggest five equifinal configurations leading to high continuance intention.•Usefulness and ease of use are particularly relevant in private and work contexts.•Individual users value opportunities to learn and improve workflows with ChatGPT.
Defining and protecting participants' rights is the aim of several ethical codices and legal regulations. According to these regulations, the Informed Consent (IC) is an inevitable element of ...research with human subjects. In the era of "big data medicine", aspects of IC become even more relevant since research becomes more complex rendering compliance with legal and ethical regulations increasingly difficult.
Based on literature research and practical experiences gathered by the Institute for Community Medicine (ICM), University Medicine Greifswald, requirements for digital consent management systems were identified.
To address the requirements, the free-of-charge, open-source software "generic Informed Consent Service" (gICS
) was developed by ICM to provide a tool to facilitate and enhance usage of digital ICs for the international research community covering various scenarios. gICS facilitates IC management based on IC modularisation and supports various workflows within research, including (1) electronic depiction of paper-based consents and (2) fully electronic consents. Numerous projects applied gICS and documented over 336,000 ICs and 2400 withdrawals since 2014.
Since the consent's content is a prerequisite for securing participants' rights, application of gICS is no guarantee for legal compliance. However, gICS supports fine-granular consents and accommodation of differentiated consent states, which can be directly exchanged between systems, allowing automated data processing.
gICS simplifies and supports sustained IC management as a major key to successfully conduct studies and build trust in research with human subjects. Therefore, interested researchers are invited to use gICS and provide feedback for further improvements.
Seit dem Jahr 1995 existiert in Deutschland die Pflegeversicherung als eigenständige Säule der sozialen Sicherung. Vor dem Hintergrund der sich vollziehenden demografischen Entwicklung offenbart sich ...zunehmender Reformbedarf und es sind Lösungsansätze vonnöten, welche die Finanzierbarkeit des Systems bei gleichzeitiger Ausrichtung an den Präferenzen der Bürger gewährleisten. Dies legt eine Förderung der Bereitschaft und Möglichkeit zur informellen Pflege nahe, da diese Form sowohl als kostengünstigste als auch gefragteste Pflegeleistung gilt. In dieser Arbeit schließt sich an die Darstellung des Status quo sowie der modelltheoretischen Grundlagen eine empirische Analyse der Anreize zur informellen Pflege in Europa an. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ermöglichen einen Vergleich mit den Anreizwirkungen in Deutschland sowie die Ableitung von Politikimplikationen.
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