Background
Dietary carbohydrates and fats are intrinsically correlated within the habitual diet. We aimed to disentangle the associations of starch and sucrose from those of fat, in relation to ...allergic sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjuctivitis prevalence in humans, and to investigate underlying mechanisms using murine models.
Methods
Epidemiological data from participants of two German birth cohorts (age 15) were used in logistic regression analyses testing cross‐sectional associations of starch and sucrose (and their main dietary sources) with aeroallergen sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, adjusting for correlated fats (saturated, monounsaturated, omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated) and other covariates. For mechanistic insights, murine models of aeroallergen‐induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) fed with a low‐fat‐high‐sucrose or ‐high‐starch versus a high‐fat diet were used to characterize and quantify disease development. Metabolic and physiologic parameters were used to track outcomes of dietary interventions and cellular and molecular responses to monitor the development of AAI. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in murine sera or lung homogenates.
Results
We demonstrate a direct association of dietary sucrose with asthma prevalence in males, while starch was associated with higher asthma prevalence in females. In mice, high‐carbohydrate feeding, despite scant metabolic effects, aggravated AAI compared to high‐fat in both sexes, as displayed by humoral response, mucus hypersecretion, lung inflammatory cell infiltration and TH2‐TH17 profiles. Compared to high‐fat, high‐carbohydrate intake was associated with increased pulmonary oxidative stress, signals of metabolic switch to glycolysis and decreased systemic anti‐oxidative capacity.
Conclusion
High consumption of digestible carbohydrates is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma in humans and aggravated lung allergic inflammation in mice, involving oxidative stress‐related mechanisms.
Epidemiological study discovers novel associations between high intake of dietary sucrose and starch with current asthma in males and females, respectively. High‐carbohydrate feeding in mice aggravates allergic outcomes: serum IgE, lung inflammatory cell infiltration, TH2‐ or TH2‐TH17 profiles and mucus hypersecretion. Dietary carbohydrate‐driven enhanced pulmonary oxidative stress and decreased systemic anti‐oxidative capacity are involved in this context.Abbreviations: APE, aqueous pollen extract; EOS, eosinophils; GINIplus, German Infant study on the Influence of Nutrition Intervention plus environmental and genetic influences on allergy development; HDM, house dust mite; IgE, immunoglobulin E; LISA, life‐style related factors on the development of the Immune System and Allergies in East and West Germany; M, macrophages; NEU, neutrophils; Th, T helper
The stems of Fissistigma polyanthoides (A.DC.) Merr. are traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatism and for recuperating women after childbirth. In our continuous phytochemical investigation ...of this plant, four new (1, 2, 5, and 19) and fifteen known (3, 4, and 6–18) phenolic compounds were isolated. The structures of all compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D-, 2D-NMR, and MS), and in comparison with reported literature data. The new natural products showed to be two poly-methoxylated chalcones (1 and 2) and two flavonoid glycosides, with 19 containing an uncommon sugar moiety (quinovose). Compounds with sufficient amount were tested for their anti-oxidant activity in a cell-based assay using the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. The compounds' capacity to inhibit the peroxyl radical triggered formation of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) was investigated in a dose-dependent manner. Both, anti-oxidant (3, 4, 6, 8–12, and 14) and pro-oxidative (5 and 16) properties were found for the investigated substances. The half maximal concentrations (IC50) for the inhibition of ROS formation ranged between 18.8 μM and 63.5 μM. Compounds, which acted protectively in the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay and did not negatively affect cell viability, could be interesting targets for further investigations.
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Enhancement of the physical and sensory properties of rehydrated egg products as a consequence of microwave assisted freeze-drying and addition of hydrocolloids to the formulation was assessed. When ...compared to conventional freeze-drying (CFD), microwave assisted freeze-drying (MFD) led to products with greater water-holding capacity and reduced elastic modulus. Comparisons were also made of moisture sorption rates. The addition of xanthan gum and, to a lesser extent, microcrystalline cellulose increased both water-holding capacity and elastic modulus. Magnitude estimation by a trained texture panel of critical sensory properties (chewiness, rubberiness, moistness, moisture release, and roughness) revealed that MFD samples were superior to CFD samples and that MFD samples containing xanthan were closest to the "optimal" for the egg products. It was concluded that the more uniform and less heat stressing process of microwave assisted freeze-drying coupled with the presence of xanthan gum leads to a rehydrated product that best retains its structural integrity and ability to bind (reabsorbed) water and that, in turn, has highly acceptable textural properties most similar to fresh eggs
碩士
國立中山大學
國際經營管理碩士學程
106
The aim of this thesis is to identify the critical factors that influence job seekers to apply for family firms as their future employer. The target group is narrowed down to ...business graduate students. In order to analyze whether culture influences the results, this study is expanded to a cross-country comparison of Austria and Taiwan.
Responding to the need of a qualitative study in the family business field, this thesis includes an empirical study by using the focus group method. Eight face to face interviews were combined into two focus groups and the groups were divided up country-wise.
Although the factor of being family owned is not directly a critical factor for Austrian and Taiwanese job seekers to apply for a specific company, it still is positively perceived in Austria while it receives a negative image in Taiwan. Therefore, cultural values may influence the way a business is managed and perceived.
This thesis provides a good basis for family firms in different countries as it combines an in-depth literature review on family owned businesses and its characteristics in general while also focusing on employer branding. Within the literature analysis on family firms it indicates the need for further research in the family business field especially in regard to a unitary definition that is being used consistently.
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