A
bstract
As measurements of the CKM angle
γ
in decays of
b
-hadrons become increasingly precise, it is important to consider the impact of processes that affect secondary and tertiary decay products ...and can contribute to the observed
CP
violation. The golden decay mode used to measure
γ
is
B
→
DK
, where
D
→
K
s
0
π
+
π
−
. Due to the presence of a
K
s
0
meson in the final state,
γ
measurements based on this mode are affected by neutral kaon
CP
violation and matter regeneration, and this study examines the potential size of the impact. Previous studies determine the impact of kaon
CP
violation to be a few degrees in size, but make simplifying assumptions about how experimental measurements are implemented. These assumptions are lifted in the present study, and the matter regeneration effect is included for the first time. The results are presented within the context of
γ
measurements to be made using the LHCb and Belle II detectors. It is found that the expected biases due to ignoring the effects of
CP
violation and matter regeneration in neutral kaons is small and less than 0
.
5° degrees in all experimental scenarios considered.
Quantum-correlated ψ(3770)→DD‾ decays collected by the CLEO-c experiment are used to perform a first measurement of F+4π, the fractional CP-even content of the self-conjugate decay D→π+π−π+π−, ...obtaining a value of 0.737±0.028. An important input to the measurement comes from the use of D→KS0π+π− and D→KL0π+π− decays to tag the signal mode. This same technique is applied to the channels D→π+π−π0 and D→K+K−π0, yielding F+πππ0=1.014±0.045±0.022 and F+KKπ0=0.734±0.106±0.054, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. These measurements are consistent with those of an earlier analysis, based on CP-eigenstate tags, and can be combined to give values of F+πππ0=0.973±0.017 and F+KKπ0=0.732±0.055. The results will enable the three modes to be included in a model-independent manner in measurements of the unitarity triangle angle γ using B∓→DK∓ decays, and in time-dependent studies of CP violation and mixing in the D0D‾0 system.
Objectives
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a debilitating condition which can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of consensus on aetiology, definition, and management. The aim of this ...review is to summarise the findings from major national and international guidelines on the management of BPS, highlighting areas of disagreement and uncertainty.
Methods
We performed a Medline/PubMed search from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2017 in order to identify relevant guidelines addressing BPS/interstitial cystitis. We also manually searched the websites of major national and international societies. The following guidelines were included in this review: European Association of Urology, American Urological Association, International Society for the Study of BPS, International Consultation on Incontinence, International Continence Society, East Asian guideline, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists/British Society of Urogynaecology, and the Canadian Urological Association.
Results
There is disagreement between guidelines on the exact definition of BPS and the nomenclature to use to describe this condition. However, all agree that the diagnosis is dependent on the presence of pain, pressure, or discomfort, in addition to at least one urinary symptom, in the absence of other diseases that could cause pain. Exclusion of other pathology that could cause similar symptoms requires thorough evaluation, and is recommended in all guidelines. There is also disparity in the recommended diagnostic investigation of BPS, with hydrodistension and bladder biopsy either recommended, considered optional, or not recommended, by different guidelines. It is accepted that BPS can be diagnosed clinically, without invasive investigation, but cystoscopy and diagnostic hydrodistension aids sub‐typing of patients and may help direct treatment strategies. Patients should be phenotyped in order to direct multimodal treatment (including behavioural, physical, emotional, and psychological therapy), and treatments should follow a stepwise approach starting with the most conservative. Although widely performed, hydrodistension as a therapeutic strategy has a limited evidence base and is unlikely to provide long‐term resolution of symptoms
Conclusion
There are multiple national and international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of BPS, and this review has highlighted the differences in nomenclature, definitions, and recommended diagnostic tests between guidelines. The overall evidence base for the majority of treatments for BPS/IC is of low‐quality, and larger randomised trials are required to more accurately inform guideline recommendations and clinical management of this complex group of patients.
Primary thyroid-like follicular carcinoma of the kidney is a rare but newly emerging histological variant of renal cell carcinoma RCC, with only nine cases reported in the literature to date. We ...present a further case of this unique condition, discuss the workup and typical histological findings, and review the literature regarding this rare histological variant.
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