This contribution brings together current knowledge on the use of functional food additives affecting marine fish reproductive performance. This article reviews published studies by several authors ...who have worked with specialized diets and focused on the dietary needs of brood fish, with the objective of identifying the relevant functional additives with potential to improve reproductive performance. The use of commercial and experimental diets that may have an effect on egg viability, quantity, and quality are discussed, with reference to hatching rates, larval survival, and compositions of fatty acids and amino acids after feed supplementation with various nutritional compounds. The intention of this review is to highlight the benefits of the use of vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, and proteins of animal origin in broodstock nutrition, all of which have been shown to improve the quality of progeny under captive conditions. Finally, consideration is given to future perspectives on the use of additives in marine fish nutrition.
The steady demand for fish in the aquaculture sector has led to the study and implementation of new compounds of natural origin which seek to standardize and maximize production by ensuring ...reproductive performance. Microalgae have emerged as a renewable source with specific nutritive qualities that allows the enhancement of captive breeding, and the use of local strain aims to facilitate cultivation and reduce production costs. Therefore, in this study, the effect of a diet supplemented with a diatom of the genus
Grammatophora
obtained from La Paz Bay, Mexico, was evaluated on the reproductive performance of 5-year-old Pacific Red snapper (
Lutjanus peru
). Two isoproteic and isolipidic diets were compared: the control semi-humid diet (R0) and the experimental enriched diet with 3% of
Grammatophora
sp. silage made by fermentation (R1). Fishes were fed ad libitum 3 months previous to the spawning season during 7 months. Hatching rate was significantly (
P
< 0.05) higher for R1 eggs (77%) compared to control (39–64%). For R0, egg sizes fluctuated significantly during the spawning season and presented an average diameter of 782.4 ± 5.5 µm. For R1, the egg diameter, significantly larger (792.5 ± 4.1 µm), was stable throughout the season. Finally, R1 eggs had significant higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content (arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) compared to R0 eggs (
P
< 0.05). In conclusion, supplemented mature
L. peru
with 3% of
Grammatophora
sp
.
silage in fish, prior and during spawning season, is recommended to improve their reproductive performance (hatching rate, egg size and egg quality) and ensure larval production.
The longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana is an emerging commercial species in aquaculture. However, there is little information regarding environmental conditions and their influence on early larval ...development that come from natural spawning. Temperature is one of the main factors affecting embryo and larval development. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the impact of different temperatures (16–32 °C) on S. rivoliana hatching rate, larvae quality (survival, growth, yolk sac and oil droplet consumption, protein and lipid contents) and early developmental events (eye pigmentation and mouth opening). Eggs incubated at 23 °C showed the highest hatching rate (75.5%), but the larvae died 24 h after hatching (hah). Nonetheless, larvae cultivated at 24 °C had the highest survival rates at 48 hah and survived without being fed for over 100 hah. The temperature exhibits a direct effect on protein and lipid content, notochord size and oil droplet volume. In S. rivoliana, the larvae notochord size decreased after the oil droplet was more than half consumed, and at the higher temperature the faster the embryo and larvae depleted their endogenous reserves for growth. Finally, after 96 hah, the optimal mouth opening to ingest adequate rotifers for first feeding has been observed at 22 °C, while best eye pigmentation has been obtained at 24 °C. Therefore, we recommend incubating S. rivoliana eggs at 23 °C. After hatching, we suggest adjusting the temperature to 24 °C to increase the survival percentage and start eye development. Ultimately, after 48 h we encourage to low down the temperature at 22 °C to preserve notochordal length and allow faster mouth formation for further feeding. These optimal temperatures could be operated in the aquaculture industry to improve the management of larval development of S. rivoliana in captivity.
•Optimal temperature for Seriola rivoliana hatching and larval development was spotted.•S. rivoliana eggs exerted better hatching rates at 23 °C.•After hatching, larvae had better survival and notochord size at 24 °C during 48 h.•At higher temperature faster consumption yolk sac and oil droplet reserves.•After 48 h, 22 °C is recommended for optimal mouth opening and eye development.
The present study investigates for the first time chemical, proximate analyses and immunostimulant effect of
Cyrtocarpa edulis
fruit (
CeF
). Three design experiments were carried out to evaluate ...immunostimulant effect of
C. edulis
fruit: in vitro
,
in vivo and ex vivo studies in juveniles Almaco jack
Seriola rivoliana
. In general, nutraceutical studies performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in
CeF
revealed a major quantity of the carbohydrate groups and phytosterols such as β-sitosterol. Their phytochemical and antioxidant values exposed a significant content of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, showing an antioxidant capacity against hydroxyl and superoxide radical. The in vitro results confirm that
CeF
is edible and enhanced the innate immune response in head-kidney leukocytes after 24 h of immunostimulation. The in vivo results showed that myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide production, as well as antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in skin mucus of those fish fed with
CeF
. Interestingly in the intestine, IL-β, TNF-α, MARCO and Piscidin gene expression were up-regulated in fish fed with
C. edulis
after 4 weeks. Finally, ex vivo experiments showed an important enhancement on cellular parameters (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide production) in head-kidney leukocytes of fish fed
CeF
and intraperitoneally infected with
A. hydrophila
. The results demonstrate that
C. edulis
fruit (0.5%) represents an available phytochemical and antioxidant rich alternative with great potential as fish immunostimulant additive.
The blackfin snook, Centropomus medius, is a valuable fish in American and Mexican markets, mainly from catches. Nonetheless, information and studies about the biology of this species still need to ...be made available; thus, its aquaculture should be developed. This study aimed to describe the seasonal changes of proximate composition during a reproductive cycle of C. medius, analyzing differences between tissues and their changes related to the reproductive process. The snook specimens were collected in Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and measured every month from September 2001 to November 2002. Liver, gonads, muscle tissue, and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) were sampled and weighed. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), IPF ratio, and condition factor index (K) were calculated. The biochemical composition was analyzed in the gonad, liver, and muscle. The reproductive period (RP) of wild C. medius in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was from June to December. The spawning period was recorded at summer temperature (25-30degreesC) and photoperiod (>13 h daylight) starting in September. High GSI values (gonad development), low HSI values (lipid reserve mobilization), low IPF, and low K ratio were related to elevated temperatures. Moreover, variations were observed in protein, total lipid, triglycerides, and glycogen content in muscle, liver, and gonad according to the reproductive phase. A positive correlation was demonstrated between protein contents in muscle, gonad, and K, with lower concentrations during RP, while liver protein composition showed an opposite pattern. Lipids were mainly present in the liver, and the concentration decreased during RP while muscle increased. The results obtained in this study show differences in the proximate analyses in the liver, muscle, and gonads throughout the year concerning different phases of the reproductive cycle, indicating a great dependence of this process on the mobilization of reserves during C. medius reproduction. Therefore, understanding the feeding requirements to pursue the management of this species in captivity for aquaculture development is greatly important.
Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola ...rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg.sup.-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles.
Immunogenicity of ToxA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus lysate was evaluated in a double immunostimulation scheme in Pacific red snapper after V. parahaemolyticus infection. Three groups of Pacific red ...snapper were intraperitonealy (i.p.) injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), ToxA of V. parahaemolyticus (ToxA-Vp group) or V. parahaemolyticus lysate (lysate-Vp group) (first injection, day 1; second injection, day 7). Fish were subsequently infected with live V. parahaemolyticus. Humoral immune parameters in skin mucus and serum were evaluated on days 1, 7, 8 and 14 days post-immunostimulation and 7 days post-infection. Moreover expression of immune-related genes was quantified by real time PCR in head-kidney leukocytes, spleen, liver, and intestine. The ToxA-Vp-treated group showed a higher anti-protease and catalase activity in skin mucus when compared with the PBS group. Measurements of SOD and CAT activities showed an increment in both activities a day after the second boost with ToxA-Vp or lysate-Vp. Interestingly, IgM levels in mucus and transcripts were enhanced followed the ToxA-Vp treatment even after challenge. Furthermore, IL-1β was strongly expressed in all analyzed cell or tissues followed ToxA-Vp or Vp-lysate treatments. Finally, SOD and CAT gene expression was up-regulated in fish immunostimulated with either treatment ToxA-Vp or lysate-Vp, mainly after infection in head-kidney leukocytes and intestine. This is the first study where the effects of ToxA from V. parahaemolyticus in the immune system of Pacific red snapper was evaluated. These results suggest that ToxA-Vp would positively affect humoral immune response and up-regulate expression of genes involved in the immune system function; and could help in the control of V. parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru, an economic important fish in Mexico.
•Immunogenicity and safety of recombinant ToxA was evaluated.•ToxA increase IgM levels in mucus and transcript IgM gene expression.•ToxA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus lysate increase humoral immune response in serum.•ToxA and Vp-lysate increased antioxidant and proinflammatory IL-1β gene expression.•ToxA used as immunostimulant could help in the control of V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Continuous and sustained production of good quality eggs and larvae is required to have economically viable and ecologically sustainable rearing of Seriola rivoliana. Nonetheless, the complete ...production cycle of these species has been challenging to achieve due to high mortality during embryonic and larval stages. The objective of the project was to study the expression of the proteins involved in the embryonic process of almaco jack. Proteomic characterization of fertilized eggs was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Different vitellogenin proteins A, B, C and Ab, beta-actin, peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase 1, alpha subunit proteasome, and keratin II were identified to their functions related to embryonic development, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cell structure, cytoskeleton, and antioxidant proteins with defense enzymatic activity.
In the present study, the potential of three isolated microalgae strains from Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico and identified as Schizochytrium sp. (Inner key: LPU-1), Chaetoceros sp. ...(LPU-2), and Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-3) for the cultivation of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was tested. The effects of isolated strains on the population growth and nutritional content (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and fatty acid composition) of B. plicatilis were evaluated. The feeding essay of B. plicatilis was carried out at 32 + or - 2degreesC. Treatments were established using a monoalgal and dialgal diet: Schizochytrium sp. (LPU-1), Schizochytrium sp. (LPU-1)/Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-2), Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-2), Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-3), Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-2)/Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-3). The results show that the rotifers population growth ratio was higher with Schizochytrium sp. (LPU-1) 0.88 + or - 0.43, Chaetoceros sp. (LPU-3), 0.87 + or - 0.37, and from both 0.87 + or - 0.40. The results show that the native microalgae of a North Pacific area mixed are an excellent source of nutrients for the growth and enhancement of the nutritional value of the rotifers, which can be used in the future to feed the larvae of marine fish more nutritionally and economically.
The southwestern Gulf of California has high-value commercial fisheries; however, there are few studies of the taxonomic diversity of fish in this area. Surveys of taxonomic diversity of the fish ...assemblage at 8 localities near the shore of Bahía de La Paz were undertaken from March 2002 to April 2003. Seasonal changes in diversity of rocky reef fish were analyzed, including taxonomic distance among fish species, using the alpha, alpha average, beta, and gamma diversity indices, the taxonomic distinctness index (TD Δ*), and the average taxonomic distinctness index (AvTD Δ+). Submarine visual censuses were carried out along 48 transects measuring 100 × 5 m (500 m²) at 5 m average depth from 09:00-16:00 h. Two seasons were studied: winter with an average temperature of 22.57°C, and summer with an average temperature of 27.09°C. 24,633 fishes, belonging to 92 species and 67 genera were recorded. According to the alpha average, beta, and gamma diversity indices, August had the highest diversity (19.5, 40.5, and 60 species, respectively), and December had the lowest diversity (20.6, 27.4, and 48 species, respectively). Spatial analysis of TD and AvTD were not significantly different, and analysis by season of these indices was not significant different. Greater anthropogenic impact would cause differences in TD and AvTD found at El Guano compared with other locations.
En el suroeste del Golfo de California se presentan capturas de peces de importancia comercial; sin embargo hay pocos estudios relacionados con la diversidad taxonómica de los peces en el área. Se determinaron los cambios en la diversidad taxonómica de la comunidad de peces en 8 localidades cercanas a Bahía de La Paz durante el periodo marzo 2002-abril 2003. Se analizaron los cambios estacionales en la diversidad de peces de arrecife rocoso considerando la distancia taxonómica entre especies de peces utilizando la diversidad alfa, promedio alfa, beta y gama, así como la distintividad taxonómica (TD Δ*), y el índice promedio de distintividad taxonómica (AvTD Δ+). Se realizaron censos visuales submarinos en 48 transectos, de 100 × 5 m (500 m²) a 5 m de profundidad, en el horario diurno de 09:00 to 16:00 h. Se observaron 2 temporadas climáticas; una estación fría con una temperatura de 22,57°C, y una temporada cálida con temperatura promedio de 27,09°C. Se contabilizaron 24.633 peces de 92 especies y 67 géneros. De acuerdo con los resultados del promedio de los índices de diversidad de alfa, beta y gama, agosto fue el mes con mayor diversidad (19,5, 40,5 y 60 especies, respectivamente), mientras que diciembre tuvo la menor diversidad (20,6, 27,4 y 48 especies, respectivamente). En los análisis espaciales del TD y AvTD no se presentaron diferencias significativas, mientras que en el análisis estacional de los índices, se presentaron diferencias significativas. Estas diferencias en ambos índices podrían ser debido a que la localidad El Guano tiene mayor impacto de actividades humanas.
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