In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of the interaction of two languages. In our model, we consider two languages, though it can be generalized to multiple languages, which compete in a ...heterogeneous environment, consisting of highly varying properties related to the dynamics of the interaction. We use coupled convection–diffusion–reaction equations to describe the processes. Each equation describes the dynamics of one of the languages and contains terms related to the stand-alone dynamics and some coupling terms. The coupling terms represent the interaction between languages. We propose a numerical approach for solving the proposed model equation. In particular, we consider various inhomogeneities associated with cities and countryside, where languages are used differently (e.g., Sakha republic). These dynamics are essential for understanding the evolution of languages (one being dominant) and linguistic ecology that studies languages and their use in real/social life. Because of heterogeneities associated with geography, we use a multiscale approach. The proposed multiscale approach designs special basis functions to represent the small-scale information on larger scales. This way, we can solve the problem on a much coarser grid. Numerical results are presented that describe the dynamics and interaction of two languages. The main novelty of the paper consists of the proposed model and a multiscale algorithm.
Abstract
The authors of the paper found that the nature and direction of the seasonal dynamics of the content of microbial biomass in typical black soil in grain-fallow crop rotation differ depending ...on the slope direction, the cultivation system and the soil layer. The characteristics of the dynamics of the content of microbial biomass in typical black soil in the agroecosystem of grain-fallow crop rotation, depending on the slope direction and the type of soil cultivation are revealed. The influence of the slope direction on the dynamics of the microbial biomass in the soil is more pronounced in the layer of 10-20 cm. The need to ensure the supply of a sufficient amount of post-harvest residues and organic fertilizers to the soil is shown. The increase in the uniformity of the upper layer of typical black soil is associated with the constant mechanical man-made impact on it. The obtained results about the nature of the impact of the studied factors on the seasonal and spatial variability of microbial biomass can be used in the development of systems for the management of the biological activity and reproduction of organic matter in black soils in order to improve their ecological state. The results of studies of the ecologically and agronomically important soil component i.e. microbial biomass are necessary for the development of systems for the regulation of soil fertility in order to increase their productivity, as well as for the development of a control system for the content of microbial biomass in black soils. The experimental data can serve as the basis for a database on the microbial pool of various soils and ecosystems, which is advisable to use for model predictive calculations, including in different ecological scenarios. The assessment of the state of organisms living in the soil and their biodiversity are important in the solution of the problems of environmental practice: identification of zones of ecological disadvantage, calculation of damage caused by man-made activities, determination of the stability of the ecosystem and the impact of certain anthropogenic factors.
The study considers the feasibility and prospects for using the data of the first forest inventory cycle for obtaining more objective and reliable assessments of carbon stocks and carbon removals by ...forests. The advantages of using the State Forest Inventory (SFI) data were demonstrated and quantitatively corroborated in specific contexts such as (1) the region of coniferous and broadleaved forests of the European-Ural part of Russia (EUPR) by field measurements at 9 105 permanent sample plots (PSP); (2) Republic of Karelia by measurements at 779 PSP; (3) 28 forest regions of Russia by measurements at 47,816 PSP. The following results were obtained: (1) In EUPR, the carbon stock values in the living biomass exceeded the corresponding data of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by more than 50%, and by more than 80% in the Republic of Karelia; (2) In 28 forest regions of Russia, the volumes of woody detritus were congruent with the corresponding values of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. However, the estimation error was about ±8%, thus being characterized by lower uncertainty due to using a representative sampling. Further research is needed for improving the calculation methods and making use of all the characteristics that are determined through SFI.
Ecologization of agricultural production and at the same time increasing of its efficiency is possible through the use of bacterial preparations. In long-term field experiments of 2016-2019 valuable ...characters of plant-microbial populations of red fescue (Festuca rubra L) variety Severnaya 82 of lawn and pasture use were studied after re-inoculation of seeds, obtained from the parent populations, which were also developed after inoculation with rhizosphere microorganisms on the basis of preparations of Mobiline 880, Azorizin 8, Azorizin 6, Flavobacterin, Agrofil and Rizoagrin. In the sowing experiment of 2016, plants of the first year of growth from the population with Mobilin 880 significantly exceeded in height (82 cm) the control plants without seed inoculation (77 cm, LSD
05
= 3.5). In the experiment of 2017, the plants of all created plant-microbial populations of the second year of growth exceeded in height (48-50 см) the control variant plants (45 cm, LSD
05
= 2.3). According to the yield of green mass in the 2016 experiment, populations of red fescue with Mobilin 880 and Rhizoagrin were distinguished (by 1.1 t/ha with yield in the control of 0.80 t/ha, LSD
05
=0.23). The prolongation of the effect of Flavobacteria in the experiment has not been observed. Plant-microbial populations with Azorizin 8 and Mobilin 808 proved to be promision according to the character of high seed yield: in the third generation, they had higher seed productivity (0.144 и 0.152 t/ha, respectively) compared to the control without inoculation (0.076 t/ha, LSD05 = 0.064). To create highly productive plant-microbial populations of red fescue seeds, it is necessary to search among highly productive parent populations inoculated with associative symbionts, followed by inoculation of daughter populations with the same bacterial preparations.
PDF
