The law (lex) is a basis of Roman legal tradition, as well as of the legal tradition of kingdom of Toledo, that
was very influenced by Roman juristes. The conception of perfect law was elaborated by ...Isidore of Seville
(570 – 636). He departed from the heritage of Antiquity as well as from biblical and patristic
tradition.According to his interpretation lex is the supreme divine law, but at once it is a decree,
promulgated by people. The perfect law is sound, reasonable and equal to each person. The laws are
promulgated by king, but somehow they must to be approved by all the subjects, so they are equally
binding for all. Isidore insists on the king’s law-obedience, that is a guarantee of stability. The royal laws
must to serve to kingdom’s prosperity. Isidore borrowed the ideas of Roman jurists and philosophers but
interpreted them in changed circumstances.
La loi (lex) est une base de la tradition juridique romaine, ainsi que de la tradition juridique du royaume de
Tolède, qui était très influencée par les juristes romains. La conception de la loi idéale a été élaborée par
Isidore de Séville (570 - 636). Il puisa ses idées de l'héritage de l'Antiquité ainsi que de la tradition biblique
et patristique. Selon son interprétation, Lex est la loi divine suprême, mais c'est à la fois un décret
promulgué par le peuple. La loi idéale est valable, raisonnable et égale pour chaque personne. Les lois sont
promulguées par le roi, mais elles doivent être approuvées par tous les sujets, elles sont donc également
contraignantes pour tous. Isidore insiste sur l’obéissance à la loi du roi, ce qui doit être la garantie de
stabilité de l’état. Les lois royales doivent servir à la prospérité du royaume. Isidore emprunta les idées des
juristes et philosophes romains mais les interpréta dans les circonstances changées
Durant l'Antiquité tardive, l'épistolaire connaît un renouveau, en particulier sous l'influence du christianisme. Ce genre littéraire, hérité de la période classique, se diversifie en une ...correspondance très variée, qui va de la missive personnelle à la lettre pontificale. En bénéficiant de l'essor actuel des études épistolographiques, ce volume veut appréhender la lettre comme un fait culturel durant la fin de l'Antiquité et le premier Moyen Âge, avant que les règles de la rhétorique classique ne soient systématisées à partir de 1100. Sans jamais dissocier l'analyse du contenant de celle du contenu, il cherche à mieux comprendre les stratégies littéraires de ce genre protéiforme, qui oscillent entre efficacité et esthétique, et qui font de la lettre un formidable espace de liberté.
Le début du Moyen Âge est marqué par de profonds changements dans la culture et l’enseignement. Tandis que les écoles laïques disparaissent peu à peu, d’autres se développent à proximité des églises ...et des monastères. Partout surgissent des scriptoria au sein des monastères où les moines copient les livres antiques et en écrivent de nouveaux. Les moines et le clergé, plus instruits et érudits que les laïcs, jouent un grand rôle dans une culture qui devient de plus en plus chrétienne. Le nouve...
Energy metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. For the initial stages of the disease in adolescents, this aspect remains unexplored. The objective of this paper was to ...analyze the association of cellular and endosomal profiles of markers of glycolysis, mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and estrogen signaling in peritoneal endometriosis (PE) in adolescents. We included 60 girls aged 13-17 years in a case-control study: 45 with laparoscopically confirmed PE (main group) and 15 with paramesonephric cysts (comparison group). Samples of plasma and peritoneal fluid exosomes, endometrioid foci and non-affected peritoneum were tested for estrogen receptor (Erα/β), hexokinase (Hex2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK1), glucose transporter (Glut1), monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1 and MCT2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1, mitochondrial fusion protein), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1, mitochondrial fission protein), Bax, Bcl2, Beclin1, Bnip3, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (Hif-1α), mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) proteins as markers of estrogen signaling, glycolysis rates, mitochondrial biogenesis and damage, apoptosis and autophagy (Western-Blot and PCR). The analysis identified higher levels of molecules associated with proliferation (ERβ), glycolysis (MCT2, PDK1, Glut1, Hex2, TGFβ and Hif-1α), mitochondrial biogenesis (OPA1, DRP1) and autophagy (P38, Beclin1 and Bnip3) and decreased levels of apoptosis markers (
) in endometrioid foci compared to non-affected peritoneum and that in the comparison group (
< 0.05). Patients with PE had altered profiles of ERβ in plasma and peritoneal fluid exosomes and higher levels of Glut1, MCT2 and Bnip3 in plasma exosomes (
< 0.05). The results of the differential expression profiles indicate microenvironment modification, mitochondrial biogenesis, estrogen reception activation and glycolytic switch along with apoptosis suppression in peritoneal endometrioid foci already in adolescents.
Severe pneumonia with hyperinflammation and elevated interleukin-6 is a common presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
To determine whether tocilizumab (TCZ) improves outcomes of ...patients hospitalized with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
This cohort-embedded, investigator-initiated, multicenter, open-label, bayesian randomized clinical trial investigating patients with COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia requiring at least 3 L/min of oxygen but without ventilation or admission to the intensive care unit was conducted between March 31, 2020, to April 18, 2020, with follow-up through 28 days. Patients were recruited from 9 university hospitals in France. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis with no correction for multiplicity for secondary outcomes.
Patients were randomly assigned to receive TCZ, 8 mg/kg, intravenously plus usual care on day 1 and on day 3 if clinically indicated (TCZ group) or to receive usual care alone (UC group). Usual care included antibiotic agents, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, vasopressor support, and anticoagulants.
Primary outcomes were scores higher than 5 on the World Health Organization 10-point Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS) on day 4 and survival without need of ventilation (including noninvasive ventilation) at day 14. Secondary outcomes were clinical status assessed with the WHO-CPS scores at day 7 and day 14, overall survival, time to discharge, time to oxygen supply independency, biological factors such as C-reactive protein level, and adverse events.
Of 131 patients, 64 patients were randomly assigned to the TCZ group and 67 to UC group; 1 patient in the TCZ group withdrew consent and was not included in the analysis. Of the 130 patients, 42 were women (32%), and median (interquartile range) age was 64 (57.1-74.3) years. In the TCZ group, 12 patients had a WHO-CPS score greater than 5 at day 4 vs 19 in the UC group (median posterior absolute risk difference ARD -9.0%; 90% credible interval CrI, -21.0 to 3.1), with a posterior probability of negative ARD of 89.0% not achieving the 95% predefined efficacy threshold. At day 14, 12% (95% CI -28% to 4%) fewer patients needed noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or mechanical ventilation (MV) or died in the TCZ group than in the UC group (24% vs 36%, median posterior hazard ratio HR 0.58; 90% CrI, 0.33-1.00), with a posterior probability of HR less than 1 of 95.0%, achieving the predefined efficacy threshold. The HR for MV or death was 0.58 (90% CrI, 0.30 to 1.09). At day 28, 7 patients had died in the TCZ group and 8 in the UC group (adjusted HR, 0.92; 95% CI 0.33-2.53). Serious adverse events occurred in 20 (32%) patients in the TCZ group and 29 (43%) in the UC group (P = .21).
In this randomized clinical trial of patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia requiring oxygen support but not admitted to the intensive care unit, TCZ did not reduce WHO-CPS scores lower than 5 at day 4 but might have reduced the risk of NIV, MV, or death by day 14. No difference on day 28 mortality was found. Further studies are necessary for confirming these preliminary results.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04331808.
Psychotic disorders in children are more heterogeneous than is captured by categorical diagnoses. In a new cohort of children and adolescents, we evaluated the relationships among age at onset (AAO), ...clinical symptoms and developmental impairments. Patients with schizophrenia and other “spectrum” psychotic diagnoses (N = 88; AAO 6–17, mean 12.6) were evaluated with diagnostic interviews, a new clinical scale (Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale-Child and Adolescent), and neuropsychological and medical evaluations. Key findings were replicated in an adult cohort of 2420 cases, including 127 with retrospective AAO<13. Factor and cluster analyses were carried out to identify clinical profiles. Five clinical factors were identified in each cohort: Positive, Bizarre Positive, Negative/Formal Thought Disorder, Depression and Mania. Earlier AAO predicted severity of bizarre positive symptoms in children and of bizarre and other symptoms in adults. Four clinical clusters in the child cohort were characterized by: more severe bizarre positive symptoms (N = 31); negative symptoms (N = 15); premorbid autism spectrum features and developmental delay (N = 12); and depressive symptoms with heterogeneous diagnoses and mild positive/negative symptoms (N = 25). Previous factor-analytic studies of childhood psychosis did not specifically consider bizarre positive symptoms. Here, bizarre positive symptoms emerged as clinical markers of severe, childhood-onset psychosis similar to adult schizophrenia. The four clusters are clinically meaningful and useful for treatment planning and potentially for biological research. Childhood-onset cases are rare and thus difficult to study, but additional, larger cohorts may be useful in dissecting the biological and developmental heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.
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