Seasonal snowpack is an essential component in the hydrological cycle and plays a significant role in supplying water resources to downstream users. Yet the snow water equivalent (SWE) in seasonal ...snowpacks, and its space–time variation, remains highly uncertain, especially over mountainous areas with complex terrain and sparse observations, such as in High Mountain Asia (HMA). In this work, we assessed the spatiotemporal distribution of seasonal SWE, obtained from a new 18-year HMA Snow Reanalysis (HMASR) dataset, as part of the recent NASA High Mountain Asia Team (HiMAT) effort. A Bayesian snow reanalysis scheme previously developed to assimilate satellite-derived fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) products from Landsat and MODIS platforms has been applied to develop the HMASR dataset (at a spatial resolution of 16 arcsec (∼500 m) and daily temporal resolution) over the joint Landsat–MODIS period covering water years (WYs) 2000–2017. Based on the results, the HMA-wide total SWE volume is found to be around
163 km3 on average and ranges from 114 km3 (WY2001) to 227 km3 (WY2005) when assessed over 18 WYs. The most abundant snowpacks are found in the northwestern basins (e.g., Indus, Syr Darya and Amu Darya) that are mainly affected by the westerlies, accounting for around 66 % of total seasonal SWE volume. Seasonal snowpack in HMA is depicted by snow accumulating through October to March and April, typically peaking around April and depleting in July–October, with variations across basins and WYs. When examining the elevational distribution over the HMA domain, seasonal SWE volume peaks at mid-elevations (around 3500 m), with over 50 % of the volume stored above 3500 m. Above-average amounts of precipitation causes significant overall increase in SWE volumes across all elevations, while an increase in air temperature (∼1.5 K) from cooler to normal conditions leads to an redistribution in snow storage from lower elevations to mid-elevations. This work brings new insight into understanding the climatology and variability of seasonal snowpack over HMA, with the regional snow reanalysis constrained by remote-sensing data, providing a new reference dataset for future studies of seasonal snow and how it contributes to the water cycle and climate over the HMA region.
Thresholds can be used to interpret environmental data in a way
that is easily communicated and useful for decision-making purposes.
However, thresholds are often developed for specific data products ...and time
periods, changing findings when the same threshold is applied to datasets or
periods with different characteristics. Here, we test the impact of
different spatial discretizations of snow on annual estimates of wolverine
denning opportunities in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, defined using a snow
water equivalent (SWE) threshold (0.20 m) and threshold date (15 May) from
previous habitat assessments. Annual potential wolverine denning area (PWDA)
was thresholded from a 36-year (1985–2020) snow reanalysis model with
three different spatial discretizations: (1) 480 m grid cells (D480), (2) 90 m
grid cells (D90), and (3) 480 m grid cells with implicit representations of
subgrid snow spatial heterogeneity (S480). Relative to the D480 and S480
discretizations, D90 resolved shallower snow deposits on slopes between 3050
and 3350 m elevation, decreasing PWDA by 10 %, on average. In years with
warmer and/or drier winters, S480 discretizations with subgrid
representations of snow heterogeneity increased PWDA, even within grid cells
where mean 15 May SWE was less than the SWE threshold. These simulations
increased PWDA by upwards of 30 % in low-snow years, as compared to the
D480 and D90 simulations without subgrid snow heterogeneity. Despite PWDA
sensitivity to different snow spatial discretizations, PWDA was controlled
more by annual variations in winter precipitation and temperature. However,
small changes to the SWE threshold (±0.07 m) and threshold date
(±2 weeks) also affected PWDA by as much as 82 %. Across these
threshold ranges, PWDA was approximately 18 % more sensitive to the SWE
threshold than the threshold date. However, the sensitivity to the threshold
date was larger in years with late spring snowfall, when PWDA depended on
whether modeled SWE was thresholded before, during, or after spring snow
accumulation. Our results demonstrate that snow thresholds are useful but
may not always provide a complete picture of the annual variability in
snow-adapted wildlife denning opportunities. Studies thresholding
spatiotemporal datasets could be improved by including (1) information about
the fidelity of thresholds across multiple spatial discretizations and (2) uncertainties related to ranges of realistic thresholds.
This work quantifies the uncertainty of accumulation-season peak snow water storage in the portions of the midlatitude American Cordillera where snow is a dominant driver of hydrology. This is ...accomplished through intercomparison of commonly used global and regional products over the Western United States (WUS) and Andes domains, which have similar hydrometeorology but are disparate with respect to the amount of available in situ information. The recently developed WUS Snow Reanalysis (WUS-SR) and Andes Snow Reanalysis (Andes-SR) datasets, which have been extensively verified against in situ measurements, are used as baseline reference datasets in the intercomparison. Relative to WUS-SR climatological peak snow water equivalent (SWE) storage (269 km3), high- and moderate-resolution products (i.e., those with resolutions less than ∼10 km) are in much better agreement (284±14 km3; overestimated by 6 %) compared to low-resolution products (127±54 km3; underestimated by 53 %). In comparison to the Andes-SR peak snow storage (29 km3), all other products show large uncertainty and bias (19±16 km3; underestimated by 34 %). Examination of spatial patterns related to orographic effects showed that only the high- to moderate-resolution Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) and University of Arizona (UA) products show comparable estimates of windward–leeward SWE patterns over a subdomain (Sierra Nevada) of the WUS. Coarser products distribute too much snow on the leeward side in both the Sierra Nevada and Andes, missing orographic and rain shadow patterns that have important hydrological implications. The uncertainty of peak seasonal snow storage is primarily explained by precipitation uncertainty in both the WUS (R2=0.55) and Andes (R2=0.84). Despite using similar forcing inputs, snow storage diverges significantly within the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) (i.e., ERA5 vs. ERA5-Land) products and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) (modeled with Noah, Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC), and Catchment model) products due to resolution-induced elevation differences and/or differing model process representation related to rain–snow partitioning and accumulation-season snowmelt generation. The availability and use of in situ precipitation and snow measurements (i.e., in WUS) in some products adds value by reducing snow storage uncertainty; however, where such data are limited, i.e., in the Andes, significant biases and uncertainty exist.
River discharge estimation requires knowledge of bathymetry. However, aside from a few locations where surveys have been conducted, bathymetric data are unavailable, even for major rivers. It has ...been suggested that water surface elevation and flow width measurements from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission (planned launch 2021) may be used to infer the submerged channel geometry; however, the full potential of these measurements for inferring bathymetry has yet to be explored. We apply four different techniques, with varying assumptions about height‐width relationships, to predict unknown bathymetry. We call these “curve‐fitting methods” the linear, slope break, nonlinear, and nonlinear slope break (NLSB) methods. The linear and slope break methods are based on a linear height‐width relationship, while the nonlinear and NLSB methods are based on a height‐width relationship derived from hydraulic geometry equations. We generate SWOT‐like observations of height and width based on 5‐m gridded Upper Mississippi River data and evaluate the performance of each curve‐fitting method given the SWOT‐like observations. The NLSB method predicts bed elevation and low flow area with the least error, although the nonlinear method may be preferred in low data conditions. Additionally, we show that our method outperforms previously suggested methods, and we propose an NLSB‐based bathymetry prior for Bayesian discharge estimation algorithms.
Key Points
We predict unobserved bathymetry using a limited number of error‐corrupted height and width measurements
We compare four different height‐width models and find that piecewise, nonlinear models predict bathymetry with the least error
We develop bathymetry priors for discharge estimation algorithms that rely on prior distributions to constrain unknown parameters
A multiresolution (MR) approach was successfully implemented in the context of a data assimilation (DA) framework to efficiently estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) over a large head water catchment ...in the Colorado River basin (CRB), while decreasing computational constraints by 60 %. A total of 31 years of fractional snow cover area (fSCA) images derived from Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI sensor measurements were assimilated to generate two SWE reanalysis datasets, a baseline case at a uniform 90 m spatial resolution and another using the MR approach. A comparison of the two showed negligible differences in terms of snow accumulation, melt, and timing for the posterior estimates (in terms of both ensemble median and coefficient of variation). The MR approach underestimated the baseline peak SWE by less than 2 % and underestimated day of peak and duration of the accumulation season by a day on average. The largest differences were, by construct, limited primarily to areas of low complexity, where shallow snowpacks tend to exist. The MR approach should allow for more computationally efficient implementations of snow data assimilation applications over large-scale mountain ranges, with accuracies similar to those that would be obtained using ∼ 100 m simulations. Such uniform resolution applications are generally infeasible due to the computationally expensive nature of ensemble-based DA frameworks.
Accurate estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) based on remote sensing have been elusive, particularly in mountain areas. However, there
now appears to be some potential for direct satellite-based ...SWE observations along ground tracks that only cover a portion of a spatial domain (e.g., watershed). Fortunately, spatiotemporally continuous meteorological and surface variables could be leveraged to infer SWE in the gaps between satellite ground tracks. Here, we evaluate statistical and machine learning (ML) approaches to performing track-to-area (TTA) transformations of SWE observations in California's upper Tuolumne River watershed using synthetic data. The synthetic SWE measurements are designed to mimic a potential future P-band Signals of Opportunity (P-SoOP) satellite mission with a (along-track) spatial resolution of about 500 m. We construct relationships between multiple meteorological and surface variables and synthetic SWE observations along observation tracks, and we then extend these relationships to unobserved areas between ground tracks to estimate SWE over the entire watershed. Domain-wide, SWE inferred on 1 April using two synthetic satellite tracks (∼4.5 % basin coverage) led to percent errors of basin-averaged SWE (PEBAS) of 24.5 %, 4.5 % and 6.3 % in an extremely dry water year (WY2015), a normal water year (WY2008) and an extraordinarily wet water year (WY2017), respectively. Assuming a 10 d overpass interval, percent errors of basin-averaged SWE during both snow accumulation and snowmelt seasons were mostly less than 10 %. We employ a feature sensitivity analysis to overcome the black-box nature of ML methods and increase the explainability of the ML results. Our feature sensitivity analysis shows that precipitation is the dominant variable controlling the TTA SWE estimation, followed by net long-wave radiation (NetLong). We find that a modest increase in the accuracy of SWE estimation occurs when more than two ground tracks are leveraged. The accuracy of 1 April SWE estimation is only modestly improved for track repeats more often than about 15 d.
Merging microwave radiances and modeled estimates of snowpack states in a data assimilation scheme is a potential method for snowpack characterization. A radiance assimilation scheme for snow ...requires a land surface model (LSM) coupled to a radiative transfer model (RTM). In this paper, we explore the degree of model fidelity required in order for radiance assimilation to yield benefits for snowpack characterization. Specifically, we characterize the uncertainty of Microwave Emission Model for Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) radiance predictions by quantifying model accuracy and sensitivity to the following: (1) the LSM snowpack layering scheme and (2) the properties of the snow layers, including melt-refreeze ice layers. MEMLS was consistent with the measured brightness temperatures at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz with a bias (mean absolute error) of 0.1 K (3.1 K) for the vertical polarization and 3.4 K (9.3 K) for the horizontal polarization. An error in the predictions at horizontal polarization is due to uncertainty in ice-layer properties. It was found that in order for predicted brightness temperatures from the coupled LSM and RTM to be adequate for radiance assimilation purposes, the following must be satisfied: (1) the LSM snowpack layering scheme must accurately represent the stratigraphic snowpack layers; (2) dynamics of melt-refreeze ice layers must be modeled explicitly, and the predicted density of melt-refreeze layers must be accurate within ; and (3) the MEMLS correlation length must be predicted within 0.016 mm, or effective optical grain diameter must be predicted within 0.045 mm. Recommendations for future field measurements are made.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this exploratory, cross‐sectional study was to identify child‐related factors associated with maternal parenting stress in toddlers born very preterm and followed in a ...neonatal follow‐up (NFU) clinic. The study aimed to describe the associations of current medical complications and presence of developmental delays with total parenting stress. Participants were 53 mother–child dyads presenting in a NFU clinic. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index‐Short Form (PSI‐SF), and children were administered the Brigance Early Head Start Screen II. Medical variables were also collected from the child's medical record. Approximately 24% of mothers had at least one elevated subscale score on the PSI‐SF. Regression analyses indicated that receipt of early intervention services was associated with increased parenting stress among mothers of toddlers born very preterm, though number of current medical complications was not. Parents of children born very preterm are at increased risk for parenting stress that extends beyond discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit . Clinicians working in NFU clinics are positioned to monitor for increased parenting stress, particularly among families of children with emerging signs of developmental delay.
RESUMEN
El propósito de este estudio exploratorio y transversal fue identificar factores relacionados con el niño, asociados con el estrés de crianza maternal en niños pequeñitos nacidos muy prematuramente en una clínica de seguimiento neonatal (NFU). El estudio se propuso describir las asociaciones entre las complicaciones médicas actuales y la presencia de retardos en el desarrollo y el estrés de crianza en su totalidad. Las participantes fueron 53 díadas madre‐hijo que se presentaron a una clínica NFU. Las madres completaron el Formulario Corto del Índice de Estrés de Crianza (PSI‐SF) y a los niños se les administró el Examen Brigance para Un Comienzo Temprano – Nivel II de Detección. También se recolectaron las variables médicas a partir de la trayectoria médica del niño. Aproximadamente el 24% de las madres tuvo por lo menos un puntaje de sub‐escala elevado en el PSI‐SF. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que recibir servicios de intervención temprana, no así el número de actuales complicaciones médicas, estaba asociado con el incremento en el estrés de crianza entre madres de niños pequeñitos nacidos muy prematuramente. Los padres de niños nacidos muy prematuramente enfrentan un incremento en el riesgo de estrés de crianza, todo lo cual se extiende más allá del momento en que se les da de alta de la unidad neonatal de cuidados intensivos (NICU). El personal clínico que trabaja en clínicas NFU está en posición de observar con atención el aumento del estrés de crianza, particularmente entre familias de niños en quienes aparecen señales de retardo en el desarrollo.
Palabras claves: estrés de crianza, infantes prematuros, seguimiento neonatal
RÉSUMÉ
Developmental and Medical Factors Associated with Parenting Stress in Mothers of Toddlers Born Very Preterm in a Neonatal Follow‐Up Clinic
Le but de cette étude d'exploration transversale était d'identifier des facteurs liés à l'enfant associés au stress de parentage maternel chez de jeunes enfants nés très avant terme et suivis dans une clinique de suivi néonatal (ici abrégé NFU selon l'anglais). L’étude s'est donné pour but de décrire les associations entre les complications médicales du moment et la présence de délais de développement avec le stress de parentage totale. Les participantes ont consisté en 53 dyades mère‐enfant dans une clinique NFU. Les mères ont rempli le Formulaire d'Index de Stress de Parentage – version courte (PSI‐SF dans l'abréviation anglaise) et les enfants ont reçu le dépistage Brigance Early Head Start Screen II. Les variables médicales ont été rassemblées à partir du dossier médical de l'enfant. A peu près 24% des mères avaient au moins un score de sous‐échelle élevé pour le PSI‐SF. Des analyses de régression ont indiqué que le fait de recevoir des services d'intervention et non le nombre de complications médicales actuelles était lié à un stress de parentage plus élevé chez les mères de jeunes enfants nés bien avant terme. Les parents d'enfants nés bien avant terme sont à un risque plus élevé de stress parental qui se prolonge bien après la sortie de de l'unité néonatale de soins intensifs à l'hôpital. Les cliniciens travaillant dans les cliniques NFU sont bien positionnés pour surveiller le stress parental accru, particulièrement chez les familles d'enfants avec des signes émergeant de retard de développement.
Mots clés: Stress de parentage, bébés prématurés, suivi néonatal
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Entwicklungs‐ und Gesundheitsfaktoren im Zusammenhang mit dem elterlichen Stress bei Müttern von frühgeborenen Kleinkindern in einer Neugeborenen‐Nachsorgeklinik
Das Ziel dieser explorativen Querschnittsstudie bestand darin, kindbezogene Faktoren zu identifizieren, die mit dem Stress von Müttern frühgeborener Kleinkinder zusammenhängen, die in einer Neugeborenen‐Nachsorgeklinik (neonatal follow‐up; NFU) in Behandlung waren. Die Studie zielte darauf ab, mögliche Einflüsse aktueller medizinischer Komplikationen und Entwicklungsverzögerungen auf elterlichen Stress zu untersuchen. 53 Mutter‐Kind‐Dyaden, die an einer NFU‐Klinik vorstellig geworden waren, nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Die Mütter füllten die Kurzversion des Elternstressindex (Parenting Stress Index‐Short Form; PSI‐SF) aus und mit den Kindern wurde der Brigance Early Head Start Screen II durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurden medizinische Variablen aus der Krankenakte des Kindes erhoben. Ca. 24% der Mütter hatten mindestens einen erhöhten Subskalenwert im PSI‐SF. Regressionsanalysen ergaben, dass der Erhalt von Frühinterventionsleistungen, nicht aber die Anzahl der aktuellen medizinischen Komplikationen mit erhöhtem elterlichem Stress bei den Müttern assoziiert war. Eltern frühgeborener Kinder haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für elterlichen Stress, der über die Entlassung aus der Neugeborenen‐Intensivstation (neonatal intensive care unit; NICU) hinausgeht. Kliniker_innen, die in NFU‐Kliniken arbeiten, sollten auf erhöhten elterlichen Stress achten, insbesondere bei Familien von Kindern mit aufkommenden Anzeichen einer Entwicklungsverzögerung.
Schlüsselwörter: elterlicher Stress, Frühgeborene, Neugeborenen‐Nachsorge
抄録
新生児フォローアップ・クリニックにおけるかなり早期に出生した乳幼児を抱え た母親の子育てストレスに関係する発達的要因と医学的要因
この探査的・横断的研究の目的は、新生児フォローアップ・クリニック(NFU)に おけるかなり早期に出生した乳幼児を抱えた母親の子育てストレスに関係する子 ども関連の要因を同定することであった。本研究は、現在の医学的な症状や発達 遅滞の存在と、子育てストレスの全体との関連について述べることをねらいとし た。参加者は、NFUクリニックにいた53組の母子である。母親は、PSI 育児スト レスインデックス ショートフォーム(PSI‐SF)を全て行い、子どもはブリガンス・ アーリー・ヘッド・スタート・スクリーンⅡを行った。医学的な変数も子どもの 医療記録から集計した。母親の約24％がPSI‐SFにおけるある尺度のスコアが少な くとも1つ上がっていた。回帰分析は、早期介入サービスを受けたことが、かな り早期に出生した子どもの母親において子育てのストレスの増加に関係していて、 現在の医学的な症状の数とは関係していなかったことを示した。かなり早期に出 生した子どもの親は、新生児集中治療室(NICU)から退院した後も続く子育てスト レスに関して、リスクが高い。NFU クリニックで働いている臨床家は、特に発達 の後れの症状が出る子どもの家族において、子育てストレスの増加に関して観察 するために配置されている。
キーワード: 子育てのストレス、早期産児、新生児フォローアップ
摘要
这项探索性的横断面研究是为了确认新生儿随访 (NFU) 门诊中早产儿母亲育儿压力的儿童关联因素, 旨在描述现有医疗并发症、发育迟缓症与总育儿压力之间的关系。研究对象是53对在NFU门诊中就诊的母婴二人组。母亲填写了“简式育儿压力问卷 (PSI‐SF) ”, 儿童接受了“布里根斯早期启蒙筛选测验II”, 并从儿童的病历中收集了医学变量。研究显示约24%的母亲在“PSI‐SF”中至少有一个较高的因子评分。回归分析表明, 早产儿母亲育儿压力的增加与其接受早期干预服务有关, 而不是由现有医疗并发症数量引起的。早产儿父母正面临着育儿压力增加的风险, 而这种压力超过了从新生儿重症监护室 (NICU) 出院时所承受的范围。NFU门诊的临床医生应去监测这种增加的压力, 特别是监测那些有发育迟缓迹象孩子的家庭。
关键词: 育儿压力, 早产儿, 新生儿随访
ملخص
عوامل النمو والعوامل الطبية المرتبطة بإجهاد الرعاية الوالدية لدي أمهات الأطفال الصغار المبتسرين في عيادة متابعه حديثي الولادة
كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة الاستكشافية المقطعية تحديد العوامل المتعلقة بالأطفال المرتبطة بإجهاد الرعاية الوالدية للأمهات مع الأطفال الصغار المولودين قبل الأوان في عيادة متابعه حديثي الولادة (NFU). وتهدف الدراسة إلى وصف ارتباطات التعقيدات الطبية الحالية وتأخيرات النمو بالتعرض لإجهاد الرعاية الوالدية. اشترك في الدرسة 53 من ثنائيات الأمهات والأطفال داخل عيادة متابعة حديثي الولادة .أكملت الأمهات النموذج مؤشر إجهاد الرعاية الوالدية المختصر (PSI‐SF) وتلقى الأطفال اختبار بريجانس (هيد ستارت سكرين 2). وتم أيضا جمع المتغيرات الصحية من السجل الطبي للطفل. وكان لدي 24 في المائة تقريبا من الأمهات ما لا يقل عن درجه فرعيه واحده مرتفعه علي مقياس (PSI‐SF). وأشارت تحليلات الانحدار إلى ان تلقي خدمات التدخل المبكر وليس التعقيدات الطبية الحالية يرتبط بزيادة إجهاد الرعاية الوالدية بين أمهات الأطفال الصغار المبتسرين. ويتعرض آباء وأمهات الأطفال المبتسرين لخطر متزايد من إجهاد الرعاية الوالدية الذي يمتد إلى ما بعد الخروج من وحده العناية المركزة لحديثي الولادة (NICU). ويمكن للأطباء العاملين في عيادات NFU أن يكونوا في موقع جيد لمتابعة زيادة إجهاد الرعاية الوالدية ، وخاصه بين أسر الأطفال الذين تظهر عليهم علامات التاخر في النمو.
الكلمات الرئيسية: إجهاد الرعاية الوالدية ، الرضع المبتسرين ، متابعه حديثي الولادة
Water stored in mountain snowpacks (i.e., snow water equivalent, SWE) represents an important but poorly characterized component of the terrestrial water cycle. The Western United States snow ...reanalysis (WUS-SR) dataset is novel in its combination of spatial resolution (~500 m), spatial extent (31°-49° N; 102°-125° W), and temporal continuity (daily over 1985-2021). WUS-SR is generated using a Bayesian framework with model-based snow estimates updated through the assimilation of cloud-free Landsat fractional snow-covered area observations. Over the WUS, the peak SWE verification with independent in situ measurements show correlation coefficient, mean difference (MD), and root mean squared difference (RMSD) of 0.77, -0.15 m, and 0.28 m, respectively. The effects of forest cover and Landsat image availability on peak SWE are assessed. WUS-SR peak SWE is well correlated (ranging from 0.75 to 0.91) against independent lidar-derived SWE taken near April 1
, with MD <0.15 m and RMSD <0.38 m. The dataset is useful for characterizing WUS mountain snow storage, and ultimately for improving snow-derived water resources management.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme whose role in cell metabolism and homeostasis is well defined, while its function in pathologic processes needs further ...elucidation. Depending on the cell context, GAPDH may bind a number of physiologically important proteins, control their function and correspondingly affect the cell's fate. These interprotein interactions and post-translational modifications of GAPDH mediate its cytotoxic or cytoprotective functions in the manner of a Janus-like molecule. In this review, we discuss the functional features of the enzyme in cellular physiology and its possible involvement in human pathologies. In the last part of the article, we describe drugs that can be employed to modulate this enzyme's function in some pathologic states.
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