This thesis analyzes the impact and consequences of Chapter 19 of the NAFTA on the Mexican legal order and more particularly on the constitutional remedy of the juicio de amparo. The thesis deals ...with four main issues: (1) a study of the specific elements of the domestic judicial review process in antidumping and countervailing duty cases in Mexico with an emphasis on the functions and applications of the juicio de amparo , seeking to demonstrate the importance of the juicio de amparo to the Mexican legal order and its application in the context of the Mexican foreign trade law regime; (2) a study of the specific elements of the review procedure of Chapter 19 of the NAFTA to show that the Parties1 intended to prohibit the application of domestic judicial review; (3) an analysis of the constitutional issues surrounding the establishment of a panel, to demonstrate that the doctrine of the exhaustion of local remedies does not apply to Chapter 19 of the NAFTA; and lastly (4) an analysis of the application of the juicio de amparo to the decisions of the binational panels and to the determinations on remand of the Mexican investigative authority. This thesis will show that binational panels are not authorities for the purposes of the juicio de amparo but that the juicio de amparo can apply to determinations, made pursuant to a remand for action of the panel, in certain circumstances. 1Parties pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA") include Canada, Mexico and the United States.
This qualitative study of the imaginative play of four young child witnesses of marital violence staying at a shelter for abused women used a phenomenological hermeneutic method to conduct a rigorous ...and systematic analysis, description and interpretation of their play in relation to their experiences. The data for each of the two boys and two girls came from three one hour play sessions and an interview with their mothers. Studies which have conducted thematic analyses of the imaginative play of child witnesses of marital violence have tended to reduce the play to a few predetermined general categories of play. The current discovery-oriented study used a phenomenological method to describe play themes in a manner which tried to remain faithful to the naturally unfolding play as a whole. The following play themes were found in the imaginative play of most of the children: physical aggression, no communication between parents, defensive preparations in anticipation of physical threats, and dealing with physical threats and being homeless. The themes of destruction and the consistent presence of a father in the family were only found in the boys' play. The themes of needing a caring mother, mothers unable to protect their children and being separated or losing someone were only found in the girls' play. In clinical case studies of mostly male child witnesses of marital violence, play therapists' interpretations of their imaginative play have been primarily influenced by psychodynamic theories. The present study used a hermeneutic method to bracket the influence of play theories and personality theories on the interpretation of the play themes in relation to the children's experiences. The researcher discovered patterns in the meanings of the children's play themes which could be related to shared and unique experiences and their gender. The present study increases our understanding of the imaginative play of young boys and girls staying at a shelter for abused women and indirectly provides insights into what these children might feel and think about their past and present experiences.
Esophageal involvement is considered a major cause of morbidity and an indicator of poor prognosis in polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). We describe 3 patients with steroid resistant PM/DM ...with life threatening esophageal involvement, resulting in impossible oral feeding and enteral nutrition with a gastric tube. All patients had both dramatic and rapid improvement of all clinical manifestations after initiation of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Swallowing disorders completely disappeared after the second infusion of IVIG, which permitted normal oral feeding and ablation of the gastric tube. Our findings suggest IVIG should be considered the treatment of choice in such cases.
: We report that non‐neurotropic rabies virus (RV) strains, currently used to immunize wildlife against rabies, induces not only a caspase‐dependent apoptosis in the human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T ...cell line (Jurkat‐vect), but also a caspase‐independent pathway. Cell redistribution of the apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) was observed in Jurkat‐vect infected with RV vaccine strain. Bcl‐2 overproduction in Jurkat T cells (Jurkat‐Bcl‐2) abolished both caspase activation and AIF distribution. In contrast, strain of neurotropic RV did not induce apoptosis. The inverse correlation of the induction of apoptosis and the capacity of a virus strain to invade the brain suggests that blockage of apoptosis could be a strategy selected by neurotropic virus to favor its progression through the nervous system.
The protein kinase PKR and the 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase are two interferon-induced and double-stranded RNA-activated enzymes which are implicated in the mechanism of action of ...interferon. Their distribution was undertaken here at the ultrastructural level by the immunogold procedure, following the use of specific monoclonal antibodies directed against PKR and 69- and 100-kDa forms of the 2-5A synthetase. These enzymes were detected as a pool of nonaggregated proteins scattered throughout the cell and as aggregates often associated with electron-dense doughnut-like structures showing a similar aspect whatever their subcellular localization: the cytoplasm, the nuclear envelope, and the nucleus. In general, the 2-5A synthetases were present in much more lower amounts than the PKR, probably due to the difficulty of detecting traces of proteins by electron microscopy. To circumvent this, we used a human lymphoblastoid cell line overexpressing the 69-kDa form of the 2-5A synthetase. In such cells, the synthetase was then clearly observed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus; isolated or small clusters of gold particles were numerous in the cell mainly over the RNP fibrils of the interchromatin space, nucleolus, and ribosomes. Interestingly, gold particles were also found to be associated with the membranes of nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum probably due to the myristilated motif of this form of 2-5A synthetase. Finally, intensely labeled electron-opaque dots sometimes associated with the nuclear pore complexes were present in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of cells which might suggest their transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm or reciprocally through the nuclear pore complexes. These observations indicate the wider distribution of the dsRNA-activated enzymes in the cell, thus pointing out their potential implication in as yet undetermined physiological function(s) necessary for various cellular metabolic reactions.
The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as ...neuroscience and cognitive science. The series considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language.
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