Using semi-structured interviews with adults living with or at-risk for HIV and interviews and focus groups with key informants, the present study examined risk for HIV transmission among women ...living in Hawaii. Key research findings suggest that women in Hawaii are at risk for HIV infection primarily through sexual contact with their male sex partners, including bisexual and injection drug using (IDU) men. A significant factor in women's HIV risk is sex and gender role dynamics in the context of their relationships with men. Recommendations support primary prevention services for HIV-positive men who have sex with men and women, and IDU men who also have sex or share needles with women. Collaborative efforts between health care professionals and HIV/AIDS agencies to integrate gender-specific and culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions are recommended.
The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, it examined the predictive power of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes towards teaching about HIV/AIDS, support for AIDS education, AIDS teaching ...comfort, HIV/AIDS teaching behavioral control, religious and cultural beliefs about HIV/AIDS, subjective norms about teaching HIV/AIDS, and demographic factors on Haitian educators' reported HIV/AIDS teaching behavior. Second, it assessed the short-term effects of an HIV/AIDS teacher training offered to 214 teachers in Haiti. Results showed that the odds of teaching about HIV/AIDS were greater for those participants with higher perceived subjective norms and behavioral control and lower cultural and religious beliefs about HIV. The odds of teaching about HIV/AIDS were also higher for males and secondary teachers. Also, there was a significant increase in teachers' knowledge, teaching comfort, and perceived behavioral control about teaching HIV/AIDS after the intervention. Implications for future prevention interventions and research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, it examined the predictive power of HIV/AIDS- related knowledge, attitudes towards teaching about HIV/AIDS, support for AIDS education, AIDS teaching ...comfort, HIV/AIDS teaching behavioral control, religious and cultural beliefs about HIV/AIDS, subjective norms about teaching HIV/AIDS, and demographic factors on Haitian educators’ reported HIV/AIDS teaching behavior. Second, it assessed the short-term effects of an HIV/AIDS teacher training offered to 214 teachers in Haiti.Results showed that the odds of teaching about HIV/AIDS were greater for those participants with higher perceived subjective norms and behavioral control and lower cultural and religious beliefs about HIV. The odds of teaching about HIV/AIDS were also higher for males and secondary teachers. Also, there was a significant increase in teachers’ knowledge, teaching comfort, and perceived behavioral control about teaching HIV/AIDS after the intervention. Implications for future prevention interventions and research are discussed.
Martel and Mueller review Preventing HIV in Developing Countries: Biomedical and Behavioral Approaches edited by Laura Gibney, Ralph J. DiClemente, and Sten H. Vermund.
Sexual Behavior and Culture Martel, Lise D.; Hawk, Skyler; Hatfield, Elaine
Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology,
2004, 20040000, Letnik:
3
Reference, Book Chapter
Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) is maturing as a method for studying complex biological structures. Owing to the intrinsic ability of the technique to discern between 1H‐ and 2H‐labelled ...particles, it is especially useful for contrast‐variation studies of biological systems containing multiple components. SANS is complementary to small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), in which similar contrast variation is not easily performed but in which data with superior counting statistics are more easily obtained. Obtaining small‐angle scattering (SAS) data on monodisperse complex biological structures is often challenging owing to sample degradation and/or aggregation. This problem is enhanced in the D2O‐based buffers that are typically used in SANS. In SAXS, such problems are solved using an online size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) setup. In the present work, the feasibility of SEC–SANS was investigated using a series of complex and difficult samples of membrane proteins embedded in nanodisc particles that consist of both phospholipid and protein components. It is demonstrated that SEC–SANS provides data of sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio for these systems, while at the same time circumventing aggregation. By combining SEC–SANS and SEC–SAXS data, an optimized basis for refining structural models of the investigated structures is obtained.
Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) is coupled with online size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). The obtained SEC–SANS was combined with SEC–SAXS and utilized to investigate solution structures of phospholipid nanodiscs with and without incorporated membrane proteins.
•Systematic review of Resting-state Magnetoencephalography (RS-MEG) studies in schizophrenia.•We compare RS-MEG findings to those from RS-fMRI, RS-EEG and task-based MEG studies.•Current challenges ...are described, methodological recommendations for future studies are proposed.
Neuroimaging studies provide evidence of disturbed resting-state brain networks in Schizophrenia (SZ). However, untangling the neuronal mechanisms that subserve these baseline alterations requires measurement of their electrophysiological underpinnings. This systematic review specifically investigates the contributions of resting-state Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in elucidating abnormal neural organization in SZ patients.
A systematic literature review of resting-state MEG studies in SZ was conducted. This literature is discussed in relation to findings from resting-state fMRI and EEG, as well as to task-based MEG research in SZ population. Importantly, methodological limitations are considered and recommendations to overcome current limitations are proposed.
Resting-state MEG literature in SZ points towards altered local and long-range oscillatory network dynamics in various frequency bands. Critical methodological challenges with respect to experiment design, and data collection and analysis need to be taken into consideration.
Spontaneous MEG data show that local and global neural organization is altered in SZ patients. MEG is a highly promising tool to fill in knowledge gaps about the neurophysiology of SZ. However, to reach its fullest potential, basic methodological challenges need to be overcome.
MEG-based resting-state power and connectivity findings could be great assets to clinical and translational research in psychiatry, and SZ in particular.
Nanodiscs based on membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs) and phospholipids are used as membrane mimics to stabilize membrane proteins in solution for structural and functional studies. Combining ...small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS), we characterized the structure and lipid bilayer properties of five different nanodiscs made with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and different MSPs varying in size, charge, and circularization. Our SAXS modeling showed that the structural parameters of the embedded lipids are all similar, irrespective of the MSP properties. DSC showed that the lipid packing is not homogeneous in the nanodiscs and that a 20 Å wide boundary layer of lipids with perturbed packing is located close to the MSP, while the packing of central lipids is tighter than in large unilamellar vesicles. Finally, TR-SANS showed that lipid exchange rates in nanodiscs decrease with increasing nanodisc size and are lower for the nanodiscs made with supercharged MSPs compared to conventional nanodiscs. Altogether, the results provide a thorough biophysical understanding of the nanodisc as a model membrane system, which is important in order to carry out and interpret experiments on membrane proteins embedded in such systems.
The proximity of the urinary tract to the female genital tract explains its possible involvement in pelvic gynaecological cancer or deep endometriosis. Surgical treatment is aimed at improving ...overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients, as well as restoring normal anatomy and functional integrity depending on the pathology. These operations are accompanied by significant post-operative complications. Thus, the urological procedures performed must be rigorously justified, and the different resection and reconstruction techniques adapted to the pathology and the level of infiltration.
To describe the activity profile, over the last ten years, of a gynaecological surgery department in terms of urological procedures in the management of patients with deep endometriosis and pelvic carcinology.
This is a monocentric retrospective observational study, including all patients who underwent a urological procedure by a gynaecological surgeon only, as part of the management of pelvic gynaecological cancers or deep endometriosis, at the University Hospital Centre (CHU) of Strasbourg, between January 1st 2010 and April 31st 2021. The variables studied were early postoperative complications, the rate of surgical reintervention, operating time, length of hospital stay, the need for peri-operative drainage or transfusion, and post-operative functional disorders.
A total of 86 patients were included, 27 in the pelvic gynaecological cancer group and 59 in the deep endometriosis group. 61.6% of patients received uretero-vesical catheterization, 60.5% partial cystectomy, 10.5% psoic bladder ureteral reimplantation, and 3.5% trans-ileal Bricker skin ureterostomy. The mean operating time was 316 min in the pelvic gynaecological cancer group and 198.9 min in the deep endometriosis group. The average hospital stay was 11.5 days, 22.3 days for patients treated for pelvic cancer and 6.3 days for those treated for endometriosis. The rate of minor post-operative complications was 8.2% of cases, and major post-operative complications 17.4% of cases, the majority of which were in the gynecological cancer group. There were no cases of intra- or early post-operative death. Early postoperative urinary complications affected 14.0% of the total patients, mostly in the gynaecological cancer group with 33.3% of patients, but only 5.1% of patients in the deep endometriosis group. The total reoperation rate within 60 days postoperatively was 15.1%, 40.7% for patients treated for gynaecological cancer and 3.4% for those treated for deep pelvic endometriosis. The rate of reoperations for urinary complications was 11.6% of total patients, or 76.9% of total reoperations. 15 patients received labile blood products intra- or postoperatively, 11 in the pelvic gynaecological cancer group and 4 in the endometriosis group.
Our overall results appear comparable to those reported in the literature and are particularly satisfactory in terms of post-operative complications after partial cystectomy in the management of deep endometriosis compared to other gynaecological departments. This work encourages us to continue and improve the training of gynaecological surgeons in terms of multidisciplinary surgical procedures, including urological ones, to obtain a global vision of the pathology and to allow an optimal quality of care for the patients.
