Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen. Around one hundred million people worldwide have potentially been exposed to this metalloid at concentrations considered unsafe. Exposure occurs generally ...through drinking water from natural geological sources, making it difficult to control this contamination. Arsenic biotransformation is suspected to have a role in arsenic-related health effects ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies associated with chronic exposure. It has been demonstrated that arsenic exhibits preference for induction of squamous cell carcinomas in the human, especially skin and lung cancer. Interestingly, keratins emerge as a relevant factor in this arsenic-related squamous cell-type preference. Additionally, both genomic and epigenomic alterations have been associated with arsenic-driven neoplastic process. Some of these aberrations, as well as changes in other factors such as keratins, could explain the association between arsenic and squamous cell carcinomas in humans.
Arsenic is a well-known human carcinogen, which potentially affects ~160 million people worldwide via exposure to unsafe levels in drinking water. Lungs are one of the main target organs for ...arsenic-related carcinogenesis. These tumors exhibit particular features, such as squamous cell-type specificity and high incidence among never smokers. Arsenic-induced malignant transformation is mainly related to the biotransformation process intended for the metabolic clearing of the carcinogen, which results in specific genetic and epigenetic alterations that ultimately affect key pathways in lung carcinogenesis. Based on this, lung tumors induced by arsenic exposure could be considered an additional subtype of lung cancer, especially in the case of never-smokers, where arsenic is a known etiological agent. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the various mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenicity and the specific roles of this metalloid in signaling pathways leading to lung cancer.
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung cancer risk factors, including smoking and exposure to environmental carcinogens, have been linked to chronic inflammation. An ...integral feature of inflammation is the activation, expansion and infiltration of diverse immune cell types, including CD4
T cells. Within this T cell subset are immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells that act in a fine balance to regulate appropriate adaptive immune responses.In the context of lung cancer, evidence suggests that Tregs promote metastasis and metastatic tumor foci development. Additionally, Th17 cells have been shown to be an integral component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment, and potentially involved in promoting distinct lung tumor phenotypes. Studies have shown that the composition of Tregs and Th17 cells are altered in the tumor microenvironment, and that these two CD4
T cell subsets play active roles in promoting lung cancer progression and metastasis.We review current knowledge on the influence of Treg and Th17 cells on lung cancer tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological and clinical implications of the balance among Treg/Th17 cells in the context of the lung tumor microenvironment and highlight the potential prognostic function and relationship to metastasis in lung cancer.
The main challenge of Parkinson's disease in women of childbearing age is managing symptoms and drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The increase in the age at which women are having children ...makes it likely that these pregnancies will become more common in future.
This study aims to define the clinical characteristics of women of childbearing age with Parkinson's disease and the factors affecting their lives, and to establish a series of guidelines for managing pregnancy in these patients.
This consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the available evidence by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology.
Parkinson's disease affects all aspects of sexual and reproductive health in women of childbearing age. Pregnancy should be well planned to minimise teratogenic risk. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted in the management of these patients in order to take all relevant considerations into account.
INTRODUCTIONMany diseases associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders manifest in women of childbearing age. It is important to understand the risks of these diseases during pregnancy, and the ...potential risks of treatment for the fetus. OBJECTIVESThis study aims to define the clinical characteristics and the factors affecting the lives of women of childbearing age with dystonia, chorea, Tourette syndrome, tremor, and restless legs syndrome, and to establish guidelines for management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in these patients. RESULTSThis consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the content by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology. CONCLUSIONSWe must evaluate the risks and benefits of treatment in all women with hyperkinetic movement disorders, whether pre-existing or with onset during pregnancy, and aim to reduce effective doses as much as possible or to administer drugs only when necessary. In hereditary diseases, families should be offered genetic counselling. It is important to recognise movement disorders triggered during pregnancy, such as certain types of chorea and restless legs syndrome.
Three different Ti-based alloys with bcc structure and Laves phase were studied. The TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.9), TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.45)Nb sub(0.45) and TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.9) + 4%Zr sub(7)Ni sub(10) ...alloys were melted in arc furnace under argon atmosphere. The hydrogen absorption capacity was measured by using aparatus type Sievert's. Crystal structures, and the lattice parameters were determined by using X-ray diffraction, XRD. Microestructural analysis was performed by scanning electron microscope, SEM and electron dispersive X-ray, EDS. The hydrogen storage capacity attained a value of 3.6 wt. (%) for TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.9) alloy in a time of 9 minutes, 3.3 wt. (%) for TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.45)Nb sub(0.45) alloy in a time of 7 minutes and 3.6 wt. (%) TiCr sub(1.1)V sub(0.9) + 4%Zr sub(7)Ni sub(10) with an increase of the hydrogen absorption kinetics attained in 2 minutes. This indicates thai the addition of Nb and 4%Zr sub(7)Ni sub(10) to the TiCrV alloy acts as catalysts to accelerate the hydrogen absorption kinetics.
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is caused by truncating point mutations of the paternal allele of
, an imprinted gene located in the critical region of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). These patients present ...a phenotype with neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, joint contractures, and a particularly high prevalence of autism (up to 75% in affected individuals). The loss of function of
is suggested to contribute to endocrine hypothalamic dysfunction in individuals with PWS.
The current study presented the case of a patient with SYS and a novel
truncating mutation of
and phenotypic characteristics typical of this Prader-Willi-like syndrome and also including partial hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and hyperprolactinemia.
The clinical and molecular similarities between SYS and PWS suggested the need for a thorough endocrinological follow-up to improve the prognosis and long-term quality of life for patients with SYS.
DNA recombination was investigated by monitoring integration at the rDNA of a circular minichromosome containing a 35S minigene and a replication fork barrier (RFB). The effects of replication fork ...stalling on integration were studied in wild-type, FOB1Δ, SIR2Δ and the double mutant FOB1ΔSIR2Δ cells. The results obtained confirmed that Sir2p represses and replication fork stalling enhances integration of the minichromosome. This integration, however, only took place at two distinct sites: the RFB and the 3' end of the 35S gene. For integration to take place at the 35S gene, replication fork stalling must occur at the 3' end of the gene in both the minichromosome and the chromosomal repeats. Integration at the RFB, on the other hand, occurred readily in FOB1Δ cells, indicating that more than a single mechanism triggers homologous recombination at this site. Altogether, these observations strongly suggest that the main role for replication fork stalling at the rDNA locus is to promote homologous recombination rather than just to prevent head-on collision of transcription and replication as originally thought.
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