Data regarding cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) reference values in athletes have not been well determined yet. Using CMR normal reference values derived from the general population may be ...misleading in athletes and may have clinical implications.
To determine reference ventricular dimensions and function parameters and ratios by CMR in high performance athletes.
Elite athletes and age‐ and gender‐matched sedentary healthy controls were included. Anatomical and functional variables, including biventricular volumes, mass, systolic function, wall thickness, sphericity index and longitudinal function were determined by CMR.
A total of 148 athletes (29.2 ± 9.1 years; 64.8% men) and 124 controls (32.1 ± 10.5 years; 67.7% men) were included. Left ventricular (LV) mass excluding papillary muscles was 67 ± 13 g/m2 in the control group and increased from 65 ± 14 g/m2 in the low intensity sport category to 83 ± 16 g/m2 in the high cardiovascular demand sport category; P < 0.001. Regarding right ventricular (RV) mass, the data were 20 ± 5, 31 ± 6, and 38 ± 8 g/m2, respectively; P < 0.001. LV and RV volumes, and wall thickness were higher in athletes than in the control group, and also increased with sport category. However, LV and RV ejection fractions were similar in both groups. LV and RV dimensions, wall thickness and LV/RV ratios reference parameters for athletes are provided.
LV and RV masses, volumes, and wall thicknesses are higher in athletes than in sedentary subjects. Specific CMR reference ranges for athletes are provided and can be used as reference levels, rather than the standard upper limits used for the general population to exclude cardiomyopathy.
Transmission of resistance mutations to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in HIV-infected patients may compromise the efficacy of first-line antiretroviral regimens currently recommended ...worldwide. Continued surveillance of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is thus warranted.
We evaluated the rates and effects on virological outcomes of TDR in a 96 week prospective multicentre cohort study of ART-naive HIV-1-infected subjects initiating INSTI-based ART in Spain between April 2015 and December 2016.
Pre-ART plasma samples were genotyped for integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase resistance using Sanger population sequencing or MiSeq™ using a ≥ 20% mutant sensitivity cut-off. Those present at 1%-19% of the virus population were considered to be low-frequency variants.
From a total of 214 available samples, 173 (80.8%), 210 (98.1%) and 214 (100.0%) were successfully amplified for integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease genes, respectively. Using a Sanger-like cut-off, the overall prevalence of any TDR, INSTI-, NRTI-, NNRTI- and protease inhibitor (PI)-associated mutations was 13.1%, 1.7%, 3.8%, 7.1% and 0.9%, respectively. Only three (1.7%) subjects had INSTI TDR (R263K, E138K and G163R), while minority variants with integrase TDR were detected in 9.6% of subjects. There were no virological failures during 96 weeks of follow-up in subjects harbouring TDR as majority variants.
Transmitted INSTI resistance remains rare in Spain and, to date, is not associated with virological failure to first-line INSTI-based regimens.
Physical Exercise and Health Cordero, Alberto; Masiá, M. Dolores; Galve, Enrique
Revista española de cardiología (English ed.),
September 2014, 2014-Sep, 2014-09-00, 20140901, Letnik:
67, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Regular physical exercise is an established recommendation for preventing and treating the main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. ...Performing physical activity of moderate intensity for a minimum of 30min 5 days a week or of high intensity for a minimum of 20min 3 days a week improves functional capacity and is associated with reductions in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Physical exercise induces physiological cardiovascular adaptations that improve physical performance, and only in extreme cases can these adaptations lead to an increased risk of physical exercise-associated complications. The incidence of sudden death or serious complications during physical exercise is very low and is concentrated in people with heart diseases or with pathological cardiac adaptation to exercise. Most of these cases can be detected by cardiology units or well-trained professionals.
La práctica regular de ejercicio físico es una recomendación establecida para prevenir y tratar los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables, como la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión y la dislipemia. Realizar actividad física de intensidad moderada durante un mínimo de 30 min 5 días por semana o de intensidad alta durante un mínimo de 20 min 3 días por semana mejora la capacidad funcional y se asocia a reducciones en la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y mortalidad. El ejercicio físico induce adaptaciones fisiológicas cardiovasculares que mejoran el rendimiento físico, y solo en casos extremos pueden conducir a un riesgo aumentado de complicaciones asociadas al ejercicio físico. La incidencia de muerte súbita o complicaciones graves durante la práctica de ejercicio físico es muy baja, se concentra en las personas con cardiopatías o con adaptación cardiaca muy patológica al ejercicio y la mayoría de estos casos los pueden detectar unidades de cardiología o profesionales bien instruidos.
Objectives
Contemporary data from country‐wide cohorts are needed to reveal trends in the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in people living with HIV (PLWH). We analysed time trends in ...the standardized incidence rate (sIR) of AMI in PLWH in Spain from 2004 to 2015, and compared them with trends in the general population.
Methods
A longitudinal study in a nationwide contemporary multicentre HIV‐infected cohort was carried out. Data on all incident AMI events were collected, and age‐ and sex‐standardized IRs calculated. To analyse the IR of AMI in the general population, the national rates of hospital discharges for AMI per 100 000 inhabitants stratified for age and sex from 2004 to 2015 were obtained using the morbidity report data from the National Statistics Institute. A Poisson regression model was fitted to assess the effect of covariates of interest on AMI occurrence.
Results
The sIRs of AMI in 2004–2015 were 237.92 95% confidence interval (CI) 225.95–249.90 and 66.75 (95% CI: 23.49–110.01) per 100 000 patient‐years in male and female PLWH, respectively. There was a decrease in the sIR of AMI in male PLWH from 279.02 (95% CI: 265.46–292.59) per 100 000 person‐years in 2004–2009 to 222.13 (95% CI: 210.83–233.42) per 100 000 person‐years in 2010–2015. Compared with the general population, the sIR ratio was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.26–1.55) in 2004–2009, and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.15–1.43) in 2010–2014. AMI occurrence was associated with older age (P < 0.066 for each 10‐year age stratum ≥ 35‐years compared with the 25‐34 year stratum), higher plasma HIV RNA (P < 0.001), lower CD4 count (P < 0.04 for CD4 strata > 350 cells/μL compared with the 0‐100 cells/μL stratum), and the period 2004–2009 (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
There has been a decreasing incidence of AMI in PLWH in Spain, associated with improving immune and virological status, but the incidence of AMI has remained higher than in the general population.
HIV infection has become a chronic disease and well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is now of particular concern. The objectives of this paper were to describe self-rated health among PLHIV, ...on ART and on ART virally suppressed and to analyse its determinants.
Data were obtained from a second-generation surveillance system based on a cross-sectional one-day survey in public hospitals. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected among HIV-infected inpatients and outpatients receiving HIV-related care the day of the survey in 86 hospitals in 2019. Self-rated health was measured using a question included in the National Health Survey: "In the last 12 months, how would you rate your health status?" an ordinal variable with five categories (very good, good, moderate, bad and very bad). For the analysis, these responses were dichotomized into two categories: 1 = very good/good and 0 = moderate, bad or very bad health status. Factors associated with very good/good self-rated health were estimated using logistic regression.
Of 800 PLHIV, 67.5% perceived their health as very good/good, 68.4% among PLHIV on ART and 71.7% of those virally suppressed. Having university education (adjusted odds ratio (aOR):2.1), being unemployed (aOR:0.3) or retired (aOR:0.2), ever being diagnosed of AIDS (aOR:0.6), comorbidities (aOR:0.3), less than 2 year since HIV diagnosis (aOR:0.3) and not receiving ART (aOR:0.3) were associated with good self-rated health. Moreover, among PLHIV on ART, viral load less than 200 copies (aOR:3.2) were related to better perceived health. Bad adherence was inversely associated with good self-rated health among PLHIV on ART (aOR:0.5) and of those virally suppressed (aOR:0.4).
Nearly seven in 10 PLHIV in Spain considered their health status as very good/good, being higher among virally suppressed PLHIV. Both demographic and clinical determinants affect quality of life.
Hypertension is 1 of the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors; nevertheless, some studies have reported that the antecedent of hypertension does not impair prognosis in patients with ...established cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of hypertension on readmission and 1-year mortality in patients admitted to a single cardiology hospitalization unit. All consecutive hospitalizations in a single cardiology department through 10 months were included, and 1-year follow-up was performed. Clinical antecedents, risk factors, and main discharge diagnoses were collected. A total of 1,007 patients were included (mean age 71.1 ± 13.5 years). The antecedent of hypertension was present in 69.0%, and these patients had older mean age and higher prevalence of risk factors and previous cardiovascular disease. No differences in hospital discharge main diagnoses were observed according to the antecedent of hypertension. During a mean follow-up period of 404.82 ± 122.2 days, patients with hypertension had higher rates of rehospitalization for cardiac causes (31.1% vs 17.9%, p = 0.01) and of total (17.4% vs 9.3%, p <0.01) and cardiovascular (13.9% vs 5.9%, p <0.01) mortality. Multivariate analysis identified the antecedent of hypertension as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular readmission (hazard ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.98) and the combined end point of readmission or mortality (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.88); no independent association was observed for total mortality. In conclusion, hypertension was present in most patients admitted to a cardiology unit, and they had higher rates of rehospitalization and mortality at 1-year follow-up.
Objectives
We aimed to characterize depression in newly diagnosed HIV‐infected patients, to determine the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on its incidence, and to investigate whether efavirenz ...use was associated with a higher risk, compared with non‐efavirenz‐containing regimens, in the Spanish CoRIS cohort.
Methods
CoRIS is a contemporary, multicentre cohort of HIV‐infected patients, antiretroviral‐naïve at entry, launched in 2004. Poisson regression models were used to investigate demographic, clinical and treatment‐related factors associated with a higher incidence of clinically significant depression to October 2010.
Results
In total, 5185 patients (13 089 person‐years) participated in the study, of whom 3379 (65.2%) started ART during follow‐up. The incidence rates of depression before and after starting ART were 11.68 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.01–15.15 and 7.06 (95% CI 5.45–9.13) cases per 1000 person‐years, respectively. After adjustment, there was an inverse association between the occurrence of depression and the initiation of ART incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.28–0.99, while the likelihood of depression increased in patients of age > 50 years (IRR 1.94; 95% CI 1.21–3.12). Longer exposure to ART was associated with a decreased IRR of depression in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. The IRR for patients receiving < 2, 2–4 and > 4 years of ART was 0.72 (95% CI 0.36–1.44), 0.10 (95% CI 0.04–0.25) and 0.05 (95% CI 0.01–0.17), respectively, compared with ART‐naïve patients. This protective effect was also observed when durations of exposure to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐based regimens and efavirenz‐containing regimens were analysed separately.
Conclusions
The incidence of clinically significant depression was lower among HIV‐infected patients on ART. The protective effect of ART was also observed with efavirenz‐containing regimens.
Abstract
Background
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) is the reference for combination therapy based on protease inhibitors due to its efficacy, tolerability, and ...convenience. Head-to-head randomized comparisons between D/C/F/TAF and combination therapy based on integrase inhibitors in antiretroviral-naive patients are lacking.
Methods
Adult (>18 years old) human immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naive patients (HLA-B∗5701 negative and hepatitis B virus negative), with viral load (VL) ≥500 c/mL, were centrally randomized to initiate D/C/F/TAF or dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC/ABC) after stratifying by VL and CD4 count. Clinical and analytical assessments were performed at weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, and 48. The primary endpoint was VL <50 c/mL at week 48 in the intention-to-treat (ITT)-exposed population (US Food and Drug Administration snapshot analysis, 10% noninferiority margin).
Results
Between September 2018 and 2019, 316 patients were randomized and 306 patients were included in the ITT-exposed analysis (151 D/C/F/TAF and 155 DTG/3TC/ABC). Almost all (94%) participants were male and their median age was 35 years. Forty percent had a baseline VL >100 000 copies/mL, and 13% had <200 CD4 cells/μL. Median weight was 73 kg and median body mass index was 24 kg/m2. At 48 weeks, 79% (D/C/F/TAF) versus 82% (DTG/3TC/ABC) had VL <50 c/mL (difference, −2.4%; 95% confidence interval CI, −11.3 to 6.6). Eight percent versus four percent experienced virologic failure but no resistance-associated mutations emerged. Four percent versus six percent had drug discontinuation due to adverse events. In the per-protocol analysis, 94% versus 96% of patients had VL <50 c/mL (difference, −2%; 95% CI, −8.1 to 3.5). There were no differences in CD4 cell count or weight changes.
Conclusions
We could not demonstrate the noninferiority of D/C/F/TAF relative to DTG/ABC/3TC as initial antiretroviral therapy, although both regimens were similarly well tolerated.
D/C/F/TAF is the reference for combination therapy based on protease inhibitors but has not been compared with regimens containing integrase inhibitors as initial ART. We could not demonstrate D/C/F/TAF noninferiority relative to DTG/ABC/3TC, although both regimens were similarly well tolerated.
This study presents data from a prospective study of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Of 493 patients included in the study, 223 (45.2%) were aged ≥ 65 years, and 265 (53.7%) ...had one or more underlying diseases, mostly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus or dementia. In total, 281 microorganisms were identified in 250 (50.7%) patients, with two or more pathogens detected in 28 (5.7%) cases. Microbial diagnosis varied according to age, severity, co-morbidity and site-of-care, but there was much overlap among groups. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the single most prevalent organism in outpatients, patients admitted to hospital, and patients who died, either as a single pathogen or combined with another organism. Infections caused by ‘atypical’ pathogens were seen across all groups, including the elderly and patients with co-morbidities. Mortality varied according to the pneumonia severity index (PSI) of the pneumonia patient outcomes research team. Shock (OR 34.48), an age of > 65 years (OR 25) and altered mental status (OR 9.92) were factors associated independently with 30-day mortality. Key findings from this study were the advanced age of the population with CAP, and the high prevalence of dementia as an underlying disease. The study also revealed that microbiological diagnosis of CAP remains problematic. Although certain epidemiological features may help to predict the microbial aetiology, the overlap among groups reduces the usefulness of this information in guiding therapeutic decisions. Greater effort should be made to improve identification methods for microbial pathogens causing CAP.
PDF
