Abstract Background To present the rationale for the new Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD) grouping in the Mental and Behavioural Disorders chapter of the Eleventh Revision of the ...World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), including the conceptualization and essential features of disorders in this grouping. Methods Review of the recommendations of the ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification for OCRD. These sought to maximize clinical utility, global applicability, and scientific validity. Results The rationale for the grouping is based on common clinical features of included disorders including repetitive unwanted thoughts and associated behaviours, and is supported by emerging evidence from imaging, neurochemical, and genetic studies. The proposed grouping includes obsessive–compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder, and hoarding disorder. Body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders, including trichotillomania and excoriation disorder are also included. Tourette disorder, a neurological disorder in ICD-11, and personality disorder with anankastic features, a personality disorder in ICD-11, are recommended for cross-referencing. Limitations Alternative nosological conceptualizations have been described in the literature and have some merit and empirical basis. Further work is needed to determine whether the proposed ICD-11 OCRD grouping and diagnostic guidelines are mostly likely to achieve the goals of maximizing clinical utility and global applicability. Conclusion It is anticipated that creation of an OCRD grouping will contribute to accurate identification and appropriate treatment of affected patients as well as research efforts aimed at improving our understanding of the prevalence, assessment, and management of its constituent disorders.
•S-N curve and fracture toughness of a carbon steel were studied in hydrogen gas.•Degradation of fatigue life was dependent on the hydrogen gas pressure.•Peculiar flat fatigue fracture surface was ...formed in high-pressure hydrogen.•Microscopic fracture morphologies in those two tests were well consistent.•A unified mechanism was proposed to describe all the fracture behaviors.
To investigate the effect of hydrogen on fatigue life characteristics and crack growth behaviors through the entire fatigue life of a carbon steel, tension-compression fatigue tests and elasto-plastic fracture toughness tests were conducted in a hydrogen gas environment under the pressures of 0.7 and 115MPa. The fatigue tests revealed that the fatigue life and fracture morphology vary drastically with the hydrogen gas pressure. This study demonstrates that such differences can be explained by the combination of fatigue crack growth properties and fracture toughness properties in hydrogen gas at each pressure.
Abstract Objectives To collate data from multiple obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment centers across seven countries and five continents, and to report findings in relation to OCD ...comorbidity, age of onset of OCD and comorbid disorders, and suicidality, in a large clinical and ethnically diverse sample, with the aim of investigating cultural variation and the utility of the psychiatric diagnostic classification of obsessive–compulsive and related disorders. Methods Researchers in the field of OCD were invited to contribute summary statistics on current and lifetime psychiatric comorbidity, age of onset of OCD and comorbid disorders and suicidality in their patients with OCD. Results Data from 3711 adult patients with primary OCD came from Brazil (n = 955), India (n = 802), Italy (n = 750), South Africa (n = 565), Japan (n = 322), Australia (n = 219), and Spain (n = 98). The most common current comorbid disorders were major depressive disorder (28.4%; n = 1055), obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (24.5%, n = 478), generalized anxiety disorder (19.3%, n = 716), specific phobia (19.2%, n = 714) and social phobia (18.5%, n = 686). Major depression was also the most commonly co-occurring lifetime diagnosis, with a rate of 50.5% (n = 1874). OCD generally had an age of onset in late adolescence (mean = 17.9 years, SD = 1.9). Social phobia, specific phobia and body dysmorphic disorder also had an early age of onset. Co-occurring major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and psychotic disorders tended to have a later age of onset than OCD. Suicidal ideation within the last month was reported by 6.4% (n = 200) of patients with OCD and 9.0% (n = 314) reported a lifetime history of suicide attempt. Conclusions In this large cross-continental study, comorbidity in OCD was common. The high rates of comorbid major depression and anxiety disorders emphasize the need for clinicians to assess and monitor for these disorders. Earlier ages of onset of OCD, specific phobia and social phobia may indicate some relatedness between these disorders, but this requires further study. Although there do not appear to be significant cultural variations in rates or patterns of comorbidity and suicidality, further research using similar recruitment strategies and controlling for demographic and clinical variables may help to determine whether any sociocultural factors protect against suicidal ideation or psychiatric comorbidity in patients with OCD.
Natural frequencies and buckling stresses of laminated composite beams are analyzed by taking into account the complete effects of transverse shear and normal stresses and rotatory inertia. By using ...the method of power series expansion of displacement components, a set of fundamental dynamic equations of a one-dimensional higher order theory for laminated composite beams subjected to axial stress is derived through Hamilton's principle. Several sets of truncated approximate theories are applied to solve the eigenvalue problems of a simply supported laminated composite beam. In order to ensure the accuracy of the present theory, convergence properties of the first seven natural frequencies are examined in detail. Numerical results are compared with those of the published existing theories and FEM solutions. The modal displacement and stress distributions in the depth direction are obtained and plotted in figures. The present global higher order approximate theories can predict the natural frequencies, buckling stresses and interlaminar stresses of multilayered composite beams as accurately as three-dimensional elasticity solutions.
An investigation was conducted into the influence of statically-applied, mode I, crack-opening load on the threshold condition for propagation of a shear-mode fatigue crack in a bearing steel. ...Torsional fatigue test was carried out at an R of −1 using a hollow cylindrical specimen into which a semi-elliptical, small slit was axially introduced. A static axial compressive stress was simultaneously applied to suppress crack branching. A coplanar, shear-mode, non-propagating fatigue crack emanating from the slit was attained by appropriate control of shear stress amplitude. Internal pressure was then applied to generate a hoop stress as a static crack-opening stress, σθ static. Consequently, the threshold shear-mode stress intensity factor range, ΔKτth, was significantly decreased with increase of the static mode I stress intensity factor. To further understand the contribution of σθ static to the reduction in ΔKτth, microstructural observations for the cross-sections of a non-propagating crack were conducted using a scanning electron microscope in conjunction with the electron backscatter diffraction analysis. The results revealed that the excess loading of σθ static accounts for the change in the crack-path, resulting in a further reduction in ΔKτth.
Genomic selection (GS), which uses estimated genetic potential based on genome-wide genotype data for a breeding selection, is now widely accepted as an efficient method to improve genetically ...complex traits. We assessed the potential of GS for increasing soluble solids content and total fruit weight of tomato. A collection of big-fruited F
varieties was used to construct the GS models, and the progeny from crosses was used to validate the models. The present study includes two experiments: a prediction of a parental combination that generates superior progeny and the prediction of progeny phenotypes. The GS models successfully predicted a better parent even if the phenotypic value did not vary substantially between candidates. The GS models also predicted phenotypes of progeny, although their efficiency varied depending on the parental cross combinations and the selected traits. Although further analyses are required to apply GS in an actual breeding situation, our results indicated that GS is a promising strategy for future tomato breeding design.
Dominant factors affecting fatigue failure from non‐metallic inclusions in the very‐high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime are reviewed, and the mechanism for the disappearance of the conventional fatigue ...limit is discussed. Specifically, this paper focuses on the following: (i) the crucial role of internal hydrogen trapped by non‐metallic inclusions for the growth of the optically dark area (around the non‐metallic inclusion at fracture origin), (ii) the behaviour of the crack growth from a non‐metallic inclusion as a small crack and (iii) the statistical aspects of the VHCF strength, in consideration of the maximum inclusion size, using statistics of extremes. In addition, on the basis of the aforementioned findings, a new fatigue design method is proposed for the VHCF regime. The design method gives the allowable stress, σallowable, for a determined design life, NfD, as the lower bound of scatter of fatigue strength, which depends on the amount of components produced.
The nuclear protein prothymosin-α (ProTα), which lacks a signal peptide sequence, is released from neurons and astrocytes on ischemic stress and exerts a unique form of neuroprotection through an ...anti-necrotic mechanism. Ischemic stress-induced ProTα release is initiated by a nuclear release, followed by extracellular release in a non-vesicular manner, in C6 glioma cells. These processes are caused by ATP loss and elevated Ca²(+), respectively. S100A13, a Ca²(+)-binding protein, was identified to be a major protein co-released with ProTα in an immunoprecipitation assay. The Ca²(+)-dependent interaction between ProTα and S100A13 was found to require the C-terminal peptide sequences of both proteins. In C6 glioma cells expressing a Δ88-98 mutant of S100A13, serum deprivation caused the release of S100A13 mutant, but not of ProTα. When cells were administered apoptogenic compounds, ProTα was cleaved by caspase-3 to generate a C-terminal peptide-deficient fragment, which lacks the nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, there was no extracellular release of ProTα. All these results suggest that necrosis-inducing stress induces an extacellular release of ProTα in a non-vesicular manner, whereas apoptosis-inducing stress does not, owing to the loss of its interaction with S100A13, a cargo molecule for extracellular release.
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