In electrodeposition the key challenge is to obtain better control over nanostructure morphology. Currently, a lack of understanding exists concerning the initial stages of nucleation and growth, ...which ultimately impact the physicochemical properties of the resulting entities. Using identical location scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), with boron-doped diamond (BDD) serving as both an electron-transparent TEM substrate and electrode, we follow this process, from the formation of an individual metal atom through to a crystalline metal nanoparticle, under potential pulsed conditions. In doing so, we reveal the importance of electrochemically driven atom transport, atom cluster formation, cluster progression to a nanoparticle, and the mechanism by which neighboring particles interact during growth. Such information will help formulate improved nucleation and growth models and promote wider uptake of electrodeposited structures in a wide range of societally important applications. This type of measurement is possible in the TEM because the BDD possesses inherent stability, has an extremely high thermal conductivity, is electron beam transparent, is free from contamination, and is robust enough for multiple deposition and imaging cycles. Moreover, the platform can be operated under conditions such that we have confidence that the dynamic atom events we image are truly due to electrochemically driven deposition and no other factors, such as electron-beam-induced movement.
We investigate experimentally the validity of proposed theories extending the tunneling approximation towards the multiphoton regime in strong-field ionization of helium. We employ elliptically ...polarized laser pulses and demonstrate how the influence of the ion potential on the released electron encoded in the measured observable provides the desired sensitivity to detect nonadiabatic effects in tunnel ionization. Our results show that for a large intensity range the proposed nonadiabatic theories contradict the experimental trends of the data, while adiabatic assumptions are confirmed.
We report the breakdown of the electric dipole approximation in the long-wavelength limit in strong-field ionization with linearly polarized few-cycle mid-infrared laser pulses at intensities on the ...order of 10¹³ W/cm². Photoelectron momentum distributions were recorded by velocity map imaging and projected onto the beam propagation axis. We observe an increasing shift of the peak of this projection opposite to the beam propagation direction with increasing laser intensities. From a comparison with semiclassical simulations, we identify the combined action of the magnetic field of the laser pulse and the Coulomb potential as the origin of our observations.
Purpose Selection bias in clinical trials has consequences for scientific validity and applicability of study results to the general population. There is concern that patients with clinically ...aggressive disease may not have enrolled in recent diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) trials due to the consent process and the inability to delay therapy for eligibility evaluation. We have examined the diagnosis-to-treatment interval (DTI) and its association with clinical factors and outcome in a clinic-based observational cohort of patients with DLBCL from the United States. Validation of results was performed in an independent, clinical trial-based cohort from Europe. Patients and Methods Patients were prospectively enrolled in the University of Iowa and Mayo Clinic Specialized Programs of Research Excellence Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER; N = 986) or the Lymphoma Study Association (LYSA) LNH-2003 clinical trials program (N = 1,444). All patients received anthracycline-based immunochemotherapy at initial diagnosis. Associations of DTI with clinical factors and outcome were examined. Outcome was assessed using event-free survival at 24 months from diagnosis (EFS24). Results Median (range) DTI was 15 days (0 to 155 days in the MER and 23 days (0 to 215 days) in LYSA. Shorter DTI was strongly associated with adverse clinical factors, including elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, poor performance status, B symptoms, and higher International Prognostic Index in both cohorts (all P < .001). Longer DTI was associated with improved EFS24 in both the MER (per-week odds ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74 to .0.87) and LYSA (per-week odds ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.94); association with EFS24 remained significant after adjustment for International Prognostic Index. Conclusion DTI is strongly associated with prognostic clinical factors and outcome in newly diagnosed DLBCL. DTI should be reported in all clinical trials of newly diagnosed DLBCL and future trials should take steps to avoid selection bias due to treatment delay.
Psychopathy and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are commonly associated with an increased propensity toward substance use. However, few studies have accounted for shared variance between ...psychopathy and BPD when examining relationships with unique forms of substance use, particularly in justice-involved females. This study investigated psychopathic and BPD traits in relation to alcohol and drug use in a sample of 274 incarcerated adult females. Results revealed that psychopathic and BPD traits were differentially related to alcohol and drug use. Specifically, unique variance in BPD traits was related to alcohol use, whereas unique variance in lifestyle-antisocial psychopathic traits was related to drug use. Findings support unique relationships between psychopathic and BPD traits and problematic and prolonged alcohol and drug use in incarcerated adult females. Results may inform methods of tailoring specific substance use treatments for use in females with distinct personality profiles.
Edmonston vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) have significant antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models of ovarian cancer. MV engineered to express the sodium iodide symporter gene (MV-NIS) ...facilitates localization of viral gene expression and offers a tool for tumor radiovirotherapy. Here, we report results from a clinical evaluation of MV-NIS in patients with taxol- and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. MV-NIS was given intraperitoneally every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. Treatment was well tolerated and associated with promising median overall survival in these patients with heavily pretreated ovarian cancer; no dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 16 patients treated at high-dose levels (10(8)-10(9) TCID50), and their median overall survival of 26.5 months compared favorably with other contemporary series. MV receptor CD46 and nectin-4 expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in patient tumors. Sodium iodide symporter expression in patient tumors after treatment was confirmed in three patients by (123)I uptake on SPECT/CTs and was associated with long progression-free survival. Immune monitoring posttreatment showed an increase in effector T cells recognizing the tumor antigens IGFBP2 and FRα, indicating that MV-NIS treatment triggered cellular immunity against the patients' tumor and suggesting that an immune mechanism mediating the observed antitumor effect. Our findings support further clinical evaluation of MV-NIS as an effective immunovirotherapy.
The mature intestinal microbiome is a formidable barrier to pathogen colonization. Day-old chicks seeded with cecal contents of adult hens are resistant to colonization with
, the basis of ...competitive exclusion. Competitive exclusion products can include individual microbes but are commonly undefined intestinal communities taken from adult animals and in commercial production is amplified in fermentator and sold commercially in freeze dried lots. While superior to single and multiple species probiotics, reducing
colonization by multiple logs, undefined products have limited acceptance because of their uncharacterized status. In this study, the bacterial composition of the master stock, preproduction seed stocks and commercial lots of a poultry competitive exclusion product, was defined by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, targeting the 16S rRNA variable region (V1-V3). The samples contained a diversity of genera (22-52 distinct genera) however, the commercial lots displayed less diversity compared to the seeds and the master stock. Community composition varied between seeds and the master stock and was not a good predictor of potency, in terms of log
reduction in
abundance. While there was significant correlation in composition between seeds and their commercial lots, this too was a not a good predictor of potency. There was linear correlation between unclassified
and unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, and
abundance (
> .75) for commercial seeds. However, upon review of the literature, these three genera were not consistently observed across studies or between trials that examined the correlation between intestinal community composition and
prevalence or abundance.
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