The "Cosmic Evolution Survey" (COSMOS) enables the study of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) because of the deep coverage and rich sampling of frequencies ...from X-ray to radio. Here we present an SED catalog of 413 X-ray (XMM-Newton)-selected type 1 (emission line FWHM > 2000 km s super(-1)) AGNs with Magellan, SDSS, or VLT spectrum. The SEDs are corrected for Galactic extinction, broad emission line contributions, constrained variability, and host galaxy contribution. We present the mean SED and the dispersion SEDs after the above corrections in the rest-frame 1.4 GHz to 40 keV, and show examples of the variety of SEDs encountered. In the near-infrared to optical (rest frame ~8 mum-4000 A), the photometry is complete for the whole sample and the mean SED is derived from detections only. Reddening and host galaxy contamination could account for a large fraction of the observed SED variety. The SEDs are all available online.
Imaging and spectroscopy with the Very Large Telescope have revealed 20 Lyα emitters within a projected distance of 1.3 Mpc and 600 km s-1 of the luminous radio galaxy TN J1338-1942 at z=4.1. ...Compared to the field density of Lyα emitters, this implies an overdensity on the order of 15. The structure has a projected size of at least 2.7×1.8 Mpc and a velocity dispersion of 325 km s-1, which makes it the most distant structure known. Using the galaxy overdensity and assuming a bias parameter b=3-5, the mass is estimated to be ~1015 Msolar. The radio galaxy itself is surrounded by an uniquely asymmetric Lyα halo. Taken together with our previous data on PKS 1138-262 at z~2.16, these results suggest that luminous radio sources are excellent tracers of high-density regions in the early universe, which evolve into present-day clusters. The statistics of bright radio sources and of concentrations in the Lyman break galaxy population are consistent with the picture that each of those concentrations harbors an active or passive luminous radio source. Based on observations carried out at the European Southern Observatory, Paranal, Chile; program LP167.A-0409.
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous timekeeping mechanisms that coordinate internal physiological responses with the external environment. EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR ...(PRR9), and PRR7 are essential components of the plant circadian clock and facilitate entrainment of the clock to internal and external stimuli. Previous studies have highlighted a critical role for ELF3 in repressing the expression of PRR9 and PRR7. However, the functional significance of activity in regulating circadian clock dynamics and plant development is unknown. To explore this regulatory dynamic further, we first employed mathematical modeling to simulate the effect of the prr9/prr7 mutation on the elf3 circadian phenotype. These simulations suggested that simultaneous mutations in prr9/prr7 could rescue the elf3 circadian arrhythmia. Following these simulations, we generated all Arabidopsis elf3/prr9/prr7 mutant combinations and investigated their circadian and developmental phenotypes. Although these assays could not replicate the results from the mathematical modeling, our results have revealed a complex epistatic relationship between ELF3 and PRR9/7 in regulating different aspects of plant development. ELF3 was essential for hypocotyl development under ambient and warm temperatures, while PRR9 was critical for root thermomorphogenesis. Finally, mutations in prr9 and prr7 rescued the photoperiod-insensitive flowering phenotype of the elf3 mutant. Together, our results highlight the importance of investigating the genetic relationship among plant circadian genes.
The aim of this study was to examine how running experience affects leg stiffness (
) and spring-mass characteristics during running stages associated with the onset of blood lactate accumulation ...(OBLA). Seven trained (66.9 ± 4.8 kg; 182 ± 4.0 cm; 23.1 ± 3.1 years) and 13 untrained (78.5 ± 7.6 kg; 182 ± 3.0 cm; 20.3 ± 1.5 years) runners completed an incremental treadmill run. Running velocity was increased by 1 km
h
every four minutes and blood lactate samples were taken at every stage, in addition to a 10 s video recording using 'Runmatic'. Once 4 mmol
L
(OBLA; the second lactate turn point) had been reached one more stage was completed. Spring-mass characteristics across groups and at pre-OBLA, OBLA and post-OBLA were compared. The velocity at OBLA was higher for the trained runners compared to the untrained runners (18 ± 0.7 vs 11 ± 1.3 km
h
,
< 0.001).
was similar between untrained and trained runners across each stage (15.8 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.3 kN
m) and did not change between stages, yet spring-mass characteristics differed between groups. Vertical stiffness increased in the trained runners from pre-OBLA to post-OBLA (45.5 ± 3.35-51.9 ± 3.61 kN
), but not in untrained runners (35.0 ± 5.2-39.6 ± 5.7 kN
).
was strongly related to
for trained runners only (
= 0.79; untrained runners,
= 0.34).
was unaffected by physiological training status and was maintained across all OBLA stages. Trained runners appear to have optimised their spring-mass system in a homogenous manner, whilst less consistent spring-mass characteristics were observed in untrained runners.
Preeclampsia has been suggested to increase the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); however, most studies were unable to adjust for potential confounders including pre-existing comorbidities ...such as renal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to examine the association between preeclampsia and the risk of ESKD in healthy women, while taking into account pre-existing comorbidity and potential confounders.
Using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register (MBR), women who had singleton live births in Sweden between 1982 and 2012, including those who had preeclampsia, were identified. Women with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD), CVD, hypertension, or diabetes prior to the first pregnancy were excluded. The outcome was a diagnosis of ESKD, identified from the Swedish Renal Registry (SRR) from January 1, 1991, onwards along with the specified cause of renal disease. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to examine the association between preeclampsia and ESKD adjusting for several potential confounders: maternal age, body mass index (BMI), education, native country, and smoking. This analysis accounts for differential follow-up among women because women had different lengths of follow-up time. We performed subgroup analyses according to preterm preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA), and women who had 2 pregnancies with preeclampsia in both. The cohort consisted of 1,366,441 healthy women who had 2,665,320 singleton live births in Sweden between 1982 and 2012. At the first pregnancy, women's mean (SD) age and BMI were 27.8 (5.13) and 23.4 (4.03), respectively, 15.2% were smokers, and 80.7% were native Swedish. The overall median (interquartile range IQR) follow-up was 7.4 years (3.2-17.4) and 16.4 years (10.3-22.0) among women with ESKD diagnosis. During the study period, 67,273 (4.9%) women having 74,648 (2.8% of all pregnancies) singleton live births had preeclampsia, and 410 women developed ESKD with an incidence rate of 1.85 per 100,000 person-years. There was an association between preeclampsia and ESKD in the unadjusted analysis (hazard ratio HR = 4.99, 95% confidence interval CI 3.93-6.33; p < 0.001), which remained in the extensively adjusted (HR = 4.96, 95% CI 3.89-6.32, p < 0.001) models. Women who had preterm preeclampsia (adjusted HR = 9.19; 95% CI 5.16-15.61, p < 0.001) and women who had preeclampsia in 2 pregnancies (adjusted HR = 7.13, 95% CI 3.12-16.31, p < 0.001) had the highest risk of ESKD compared with women with no preeclampsia. Considering this was an observational cohort study, and although we accounted for several potential confounders, residual confounding cannot be ruled out.
The present findings suggest that women with preeclampsia and no major comorbidities before their first pregnancy are at a 5-fold increased risk of ESKD compared with parous women with no preeclampsia; however, the absolute risk of ESKD among women with preeclampsia remains small. Preeclampsia should be considered as an important risk factor for subsequent ESKD. Whether screening and/or preventive strategies will reduce the risk of ESKD in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes is worthy of further investigation.
Electrical contact pastes of composition (La
0.90Sr
0.10)
0.98MnO
3
+
δ
(LSM-10) formed strong bonds (∼3
MPa) to (Co,Mn)
3O
4 spinel-coated Crofer 22 APU ferritic steel coupons when exposed to ...alternating flows of air and nitrogen (10
ppm O
2) at 900
°C for 2
h or longer. When held at 900
°C in air only, bond strengths were negligible. Substantial bonds could also be created between LSM-10 contact paste and (La
0.80Sr
0.20)
0.98MnO
3
+
δ
(LSM-20) porous cathodes by processing in alternating air and nitrogen, without simultaneous densification of the cathode. Enhanced sintering of LSM-10 is attributed to transients in the defect structure induced by oxygen partial pressure changes.
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) provides information about positional cloning, linkage, and evolution that cannot be inferred from other evidence, even when a correct sequence and a linkage map based on ...more than a handful of families become available. We present theory to construct an LD map for which distances are additive and population-specific maps are expected to be approximately proportional. For this purpose, there is only a modest difference in relative efficiency of haplotypes and diplotypes: resolving the latter into 2-locus haplotypes has significant cost or error and increases information by about 50%. LD maps for a cold spot in 19p13.3 and a more typical region in 3q21 are optimized by interval estimates. For a random sample and trustworthy map the value of LD at large distance can be predicted reliably from information over a small distance and does not depend on the evolutionary variance unless the sample size approaches the population size. Values of the association probability that can be distinguished from the value at large distance are determined not by population size but by time since a critical bottleneck. In these examples, omission of markers with significant Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium does not improve the map, and widely discrepant draft sequences have similar estimates of the genetic parameters. The LD cold spot in 19p13.3 gives an unusually high estimate of time, supporting an argument that this relationship is general. As predicted for a region with ancient haplotypes or uniformly high recombination, there is no clear evidence of LD clustering. On the contrary, the 3q21 region is resolved into alternating blocks of stable and decreasing LD, as expected from crossover clustering. Construction of a genomewide LD map requires data not yet available, which may be complemented but not replaced by a catalog of haplotypes.
Wild European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) shed Campylobacter at high rates, suggesting that they may be a source of human and farm animal infection. A survey of Campylobacter shedding of 957 wild ...starlings was undertaken by culture of faecal specimens and genetic analysis of the campylobacters isolated: shedding rates were 30.6% for Campylobacter jejuni, 0.6% for C. coli and 6.3% for C. lari. Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antigen sequence typing established that these bacteria were distinct from poultry or human disease isolates with the ST-177 and ST-682 clonal complexes possibly representing starling-adapted genotypes. There was seasonal variation in both shedding rate and genotypic diversity, both exhibiting a maximum during the late spring/early summer. Host age also affected Campylobacter shedding, which was higher in younger birds, and turnover was rapid with no evidence of cross-immunity among Campylobacter species or genotypes. In nestlings, C. jejuni shedding was evident from 9 days of age but siblings were not readily co-infected. The dynamics of Campylobacter infection of starlings differed from that observed in commercial poultry and consequently there was no evidence that wild starlings represent a major source of Campylobacter infections of food animals or humans.
Highlights • Neuraxial labor analgesia not a predictor of perineal trauma in this setting. • Bupivacaine concentration does not affect the incidence of perineal trauma. • Higher infant weight and ...lower parity independent risk factors of perineal trauma.
Observations of the radio galaxy MRC 0316–257 at $z = 3.13$ and the surrounding field are presented. Using narrow- and broad-band imaging obtained with the VLT, 77 candidate Lyα emitters with a ...rest-frame equivalent width of >15 Å were selected in a ∼7´$\,\times\,7$´ field around the radio galaxy. Spectroscopy of 40 candidate emitters resulted in the discovery of 33 emission line galaxies of which 31 are Lyα emitters with redshifts similar to that of the radio galaxy, while the remaining two galaxies turned out to be $\ion{O}{ii}$ emitters. The Lyα profiles have widths (FWHM) in the range of 120–800 km s-1, with a median of 260 km s-1. Where the signal-to-noise was large enough, the Lyα profiles were found to be asymmetric, with apparent absorption troughs blueward of the profile peaks, indicative of absorption along the line of sight of an $\ion{H}{i}$ mass of at least $2 \times 10^2 {-} 5 \times 10^4$ M$_{\odot}$. Besides that of the radio galaxy and one of the emitters that is a QSO, the continuum of the emitters is faint, with luminosities ranging from 1.3 L* to <0.03 L*. The colors of the confirmed emitters are, on average, very blue. The median UV continuum slope is $\beta = -1.76$, bluer than the average slope of LBGs with Lyα emission ($\beta \sim -1.09$). A large fraction of the confirmed emitters (∼2/3) have colors consistent with that of dust-free starburst galaxies. Observations with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope show that the emitters that were detected in the ACS image have a range of different morphologies. Four Lyα emitters (∼25%) were unresolved with upper limits on their half light radii of $r_{\rm h} < 0.6-1.3$ kpc, three objects (∼19%) show multiple clumps of emission, as does the radio galaxy, and the rest (∼56%) are single, resolved objects with $r_{\rm h} < 1.5$ kpc. A comparison with the sizes of Lyman break galaxies at $z \sim 3$ suggests that the Lyα emitters are on average smaller than LBGs. The average star formation rate of the Lyα emitters is 2.6 M$_{\odot}\;{\rm yr}^{-1}$ as measured by the Lyα emission line or <3.9 M$_{\odot}\;{\rm yr}^{-1}$ as measured by the UV continuum. The properties of the Lyα galaxies (faint, blue and small) are consistent with young star forming galaxies which are still nearly dust free. The volume density of Lyα emitting galaxies in the field around MRC 0316–257 is a factor of $3.3^{+0.5}_{-0.4}$ larger compared with the density of field Lyα emitters at that redshift. The velocity distribution of the spectroscopically confirmed emitters has a dispersion of 640 km s-1, corresponding to a FWHM of 1510 km s-1, which is substantially smaller than the width of the narrow-band filter (${\it FWHM} \sim 3500$ km s-1). The peak of the velocity distribution is located within 200 km s-1 of the redshift of the radio galaxy. We conclude that the confirmed Lyα emitters are members of a protocluster of galaxies at $z \sim 3.13$. The size of the protocluster is unconstrained and is larger than $3.3 \times 3.3$ Mpc2. The mass of this structure is estimated to be >$3{-}6 \times 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$ and could be the progenitor of a cluster of galaxies similar to e.g. the Virgo cluster.
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