MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. A small number of striated muscle-specific miRNAs have been identified and shown to have an ...important role in myogenesis, embryonic muscle growth and cardiac function and hypertrophy. One of these myomiRs (myo
=
muscle
+
miR
=
miRNA), miR-206, is unique in that it is only expressed in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review is to discuss what is currently known about miR-206 and its function in myogenesis as well as propose potential new roles for miR-206 in skeletal muscle biology. The review is also intended to serve as a comprehensive resource for miR-206 with the hope of encouraging further research on the role of miR-206 in skeletal muscle.
Background
In the 20 years since a review by McCarthy (2001) on the presentation of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with intellectual disability (ID), the understanding of trauma ...disorder has increased.
Method & Findings
Diagnostic criteria for ID will be presented to set the context. A brief summary of the key literature over the past twenty years will be discussed focusing on the presentation of PTSD in people with ID including the use of ICD-11 criteria. Evaluated tools available to assess the impact of life events and trauma for use in people with ID will be outlined including treatment options. The presentation of trauma disorder will be illustrated through a case study.
Conclusion
Psychiatrists need to be aware that a history of trauma may be an underlying factor in the presentation of people with ID to psychiatric services.
Reference
McCarthy J (2001). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Learning Disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment; 7, pp. 163-169.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Background: A review describing the mental health needs of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) published just over 10 years ago found that those with ID and ...ASD were more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders than adults with ID who did not have comorbid ASD (Underwood, Tsakanikos & McCarthy, 2010). Method: An overview of psychopathology presenting in adults with ID and autism including the relationship of challenging behaviours to psychiatric disorder will be summarised. A review of key papers published from 2009 to 2021 was also undertaken. The focus of the search was on assessment, diagnosis and management so as to be relevant to clinical practice. Findings: There was only one paper identified describing a new structured diagnostic tool for use with adults with ID and ASD. The majority of the new evidence focused on interventions both psychological and pharmacological. Two brief case vignettes will be presented to illustrate the diagnostic and treatment challenges. Conclusion: The past decade has produced a small increase in the evidence base on the mental health needs of adults with ID and ASD. However more evidence on effective interventions is required. Underwood L, Tsakanikos E & McCarthy J. (2010). Mental health of adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 421-426.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
It is well known that microbes, zooplankton, and fish are important sources of recycled nitrogen in coastal waters, yet marine mammals have largely been ignored or dismissed in this cycle. Using ...field measurements and population data, we find that marine mammals can enhance primary productivity in their feeding areas by concentrating nitrogen near the surface through the release of flocculent fecal plumes. Whales and seals may be responsible for replenishing 2.3×10(4) metric tons of N per year in the Gulf of Maine's euphotic zone, more than the input of all rivers combined. This upward "whale pump" played a much larger role before commercial harvest, when marine mammal recycling of nitrogen was likely more than three times atmospheric N input. Even with reduced populations, marine mammals provide an important ecosystem service by sustaining productivity in regions where they occur in high densities.
Tetramethylammonium silanolate-initiated ring-opening copolymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and bis(heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxanyl)ethane (bis-D4) renders cross-linked network ...polymers that contain ethylene bridges and active silanolate end groups. These “living” reactive anionic species are not neutralized by ambient atmosphere exposure (are stable to water, oxygen, CO2) and promote thermally activated equilibration among different network isomers and cyclic oligomers. The cross-link density of these living networks can be controlled by the ratio of D4:bis-D4, and the density of active chain ends is determined from the initiator:monomer ratio. We report that samples prepared with particular ratios of initiator:D4:bis-D4 can be cut with a sharp knife, even into two pieces, and can heal by siloxane equilibration to restore the original strength of the silicone sample. Fracture toughness measurements were carried out and revealed complete (mechanical) healing. Broken and healed samples generally failed in locations other than the initially cracked region. We call attention to publications and patents from the 1950s that suggest that this self-healing behavior was likely obvious 60 years ago.
Multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq analysis of multiple samples using pooling is a promising experimental design, offering increased throughput while allowing to overcome batch variation. To reconstruct ...the sample identify of each cell, genetic variants that segregate between the samples in the pool have been proposed as natural barcode for cell demultiplexing. Existing demultiplexing strategies rely on availability of complete genotype data from the pooled samples, which limits the applicability of such methods, in particular when genetic variation is not the primary object of study. To address this, we here present Vireo, a computationally efficient Bayesian model to demultiplex single-cell data from pooled experimental designs. Uniquely, our model can be applied in settings when only partial or no genotype information is available. Using pools based on synthetic mixtures and results on real data, we demonstrate the robustness of Vireo and illustrate the utility of multiplexed experimental designs for common expression analyses.
Triple-negative breast cancer constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. Molecular characterization, while not a standard of ...care, can further subtype triple-negative breast cancer and provide insight into prognostication and behaviour. Optimal chemotherapy regimens have yet to be established; however, there have been advances in the systemic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. In this review, we discuss evidence for the potential benefit of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, adjuvant combination chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel, and
mutation-directed therapy in the metastatic setting. The role for adjuvant capecitabine in patients who do not achieve a pathologic complete response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is reviewed. Future directions and data concerning novel targeted agents are reviewed, including the most recent data on parp poly (adp-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, antiandrogen agents, and immunotherapy.
It is expected that emerging digital gene expression (DGE) technologies will overtake microarray technologies in the near future for many functional genomics applications. One of the fundamental data ...analysis tasks, especially for gene expression studies, involves determining whether there is evidence that counts for a transcript or exon are significantly different across experimental conditions. edgeR is a Bioconductor software package for examining differential expression of replicated count data. An overdispersed Poisson model is used to account for both biological and technical variability. Empirical Bayes methods are used to moderate the degree of overdispersion across transcripts, improving the reliability of inference. The methodology can be used even with the most minimal levels of replication, provided at least one phenotype or experimental condition is replicated. The software may have other applications beyond sequencing data, such as proteome peptide count data. Availability: The package is freely available under the LGPL licence from the Bioconductor web site (http://bioconductor.org). Contact: mrobinson@wehi.edu.au
The ribosome is the enzymatic macromolecular machine responsible for protein synthesis. The rates of protein synthesis are primarily dependent on translational efficiency and capacity. Ribosome ...biogenesis has emerged as an important regulator of skeletal muscle growth and maintenance by altering the translational capacity of the cell. Here, we provide evidence to support a central role for ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle growth during postnatal development and in response to resistance exercise training. Furthermore, we discuss the cellular signaling pathways regulating ribosome biogenesis, discuss how myonuclear accretion affects translational capacity, and explore future areas of investigation within the field.
PDF
